Infection Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Infection Control - Essay Example We shall now talk about an infection that takes place during the course of medical treatment itself. Aids, the global scare made many medical professionals to use sterilized needles during their process of treatment. The single-puncture syringe that cannot puncture the skin once it is used is the best form of administering equipment for anesthetic and other medications. The profession is to go miles before attaining complete protective treatment. One of the most dreads that now posed by the ultrasound treatment is the use of gels. When an object or human body part is exposed to ultrasonic waves, density differences inside the object or the body parts cause some waves to reflect at the point of interface. This reflection is built into an image of the internal part of the body and its structure on the monitor screen. A gel or jelly is normally used to transmit the acoustic waves through the transducers—a device that contains a crystal, which converts alternating electric current s into vibrations—to the object or the internal part of the body.Experiments show that a high-energy ultra sound emitter inserted through an angioplasty catheter can effectively break up the blocks and restore normal blood circulation. In many patients, bacteremia is a result of an intravascular focus, such as a contaminated catheter or prosthetic device.Contamination of the gel at the manufacturing facility and improper use of the gel at clinical settings are the sources of many cases of bacteremia and septicemia.aemia. Non-sterile gels meant for external use, when used for invasive procedures like biopsies, put most of the patients under the risk of infection. Some precautionary measures can be followed to reduce the risk of infection. Separate individual procedures for sterile and non-sterile gels are postulated by Canadian Health Authorities. They are: - Sterile gels: - 1. Sterile gels must be used for all invasive procedures especially on babies in neonatal I C U. 2. Bacteriostatic gels should be considered for intact mucous membrane operations like oesophagal, rectal and vaginal areas. 3. Sterile packages must be used for one time use only. Non-sterile gels: - 1. Single use containers are the best for non-sterile gels. 2. In the situations of the use of reusable containers, the containers must invariably be cleaned thoroughly by using hospital-grade disinfectants. The very

The Emergence of English as a Global Language Essay Example for Free

The Emergence of English as a Global Language Essay Emergence of English as a world language The need for a global link language Prof. Anil Sarwal[1] The primary means of communication among the peoples of the world is language. According to a well known linguist, Frank Palmer[1], the difference between human beings and animals is poorly described by the label homo sapiens (man with wisdom). He questions what do we mean by wisdom? Anthropologists describe man as a tool maker, but even apes are known to be able to make primitive tools. In fact, what sets us apart from animals is our ability to speak. Man is a speaking animal—homo loquens—and this ability has greatly facilitated our advancement in all spheres. At present, humanity uses 6,809 living languages and about 100 living scripts to facilitate its social interactions[2]. However, there is an urgent need for the adoption of a common link language in a world in which all its people are quickly becoming interdependent despite the many differences of their myriad cultures, races, religions and ideologies. The ‘planetization of humankind’[3] is almost complete due to the effects of recent dramatic advances in transport and communication. Communications have been greatly improved by the widespread adoption of mass media—especially radio and television—coupled with reduced costs and time that has been made possible by the use of satellites, computers and mobile telephones. The Internet is quickly emerging as the preferred information highway to meet our daily communication needs as well as for conducting important business transactions. It is now almost impossible for us to fully participate in the global village that we live in, without ‘knowing’ a common world language. 4]   However, the common link language that would be the universally accepted means of communication should not be allowed to undermine the importance of any other existing language or culture. In fact, new linguistic insights have made us aware that no human language is superior to any other and that the development and growth of a language depend upon its use. Meanwhile, English, for various reasons—primarily due to British rule in the many parts of the world—has emerged as the popular lingua franca[5]. In the process, it must be acknowledged, the role of English and its functions have vastly changed. English is no more seen as the language of the rulers, or as an instrument of promoting British culture and values. According to the famous linguist Tom McArthur, â€Å"In the closing years of the twentieth century the English language has become a global resource. As such it does not owe its existence or the protection of its essence to any nation or group. †[6] It is estimated that about a billion people in the world use English either as their native, second or foreign language. English is used in over 70 countries as an official or semi-official language, and plays a very significant role in 20 others. Over 1,400 million people live in countries where there is a tradition of using English. Some 75% of the world’s mail and world’s information is stored in English. Of the estimated 50 million users of the Internet, a majority use English. [7] With the evolution of English to the status of a world language, we have become aware of some of the features that a world language must possess. Irrespective of its origin, a world language must become a utility language that embraces the needs of everyone. Though English originally was the language of the British, there are now many varieties of English, including American English, African English, Indian English and Australian English. Moreover, English now encompasses the dreams and aspirations of many peoples and experiences of diverse nations. It is used to transmit a mass of various information whether it be the latest advances in the fields of science and technology, the experiences of an ethnic group, negotiations in the field of commerce; documentation of cultural ethos; or individual experiences. Its vocabulary has been vastly enriched with the inclusion of many new words from other languages of the world. Some ten thousand words derived from Hindi and other Indian languages have become a part of Indian English. These include:   guru, babu, chorpoy, curry, etc. We are very familiar with the following widely used pidgin words:   lathi-charge, rickshaw-walla, double-roti, etc. [8] Spoken English varies from region to region in accordance with cultural and native language differences.

Slave Narratives :: American America History

Slave Narratives The Middle Passage was almost inconceivable. Hundreds upon hundreds of Africans were abducted from their homes to go on boats to America. They were stacked like books on shelves in order to bring enough Negros for a profitable slave trade. The life on the boats on the way to the New World was so bad that the Africans preferred death to their gruesome future. The conditions on the boats were hellish. The slaves on the ships were packed like sardines and chained together. Among the gripping words that Olaudah Equiano, a slave abducted when he was just eleven years old, used to describe the Middle passage are hopeless, low, brutal, and wretched. The temperature in the disease- infested rooms was inconceivable. There was no fresh air for the Negro inhabitants. The feeling of shock and isolation only added to the sorrow and horror of the situation. Alexander Falconbridge, a surgeon aboard these slave ships, recalled that the "hot floor was covered with blood and mucus. It was like a slaughter-house." The sickening stench was great due to the loathsome filth from the pestilential heat. As Olaudah Equiano said, "sleep was the only [temporary] refuge." The dejection and despair of the circumstances caused many people to bitterly cry, shriek, and groan in inconceivable horror and fear. The savage cruelty of the slave traders and boat crew was ter rifying. The Negros were deprived of food and health treatments, and due to the crammed conditions this caused great waves of sickness and disease. These ships created an absolute hellish existence for the abandoned Africans aboard them. Although describable, the anguish of these people cannot be fully understood. The African's, due to these excruciating conditions, were completely and utterly terrified. During the slave trades, the noise and clamor was so frightening that many slaves attempted at running away in the tumult. On the boats, many people tried to jump overboard. Attempted suicide usually just increased the despair of the situation. Negros were punished for any attempt at escape or purposeful personal harm. If one did not eat, they were flogged until they ate the disgusting food. The slave traders expressed brutal cruelty to the slaves aboard the ships. They treated the Negros as if they were imported typical goods. They spent the least amount of effort and money in making the conditions aboard the boats tolerable in order to ensure a higher profitable outcome.

Ethical Leadership

The Importance of Ethical Leadership Ethical leadership is the foundation to successful leadership. There is no substitute for honesty and integrity inside and outside of the workplace. It is something that is extremely difficult to earn back. Once someone's ethical persona has been Jeopardized that person may not ever be able to regain it, especially if that person continues to work among the same peers. Ethical leadership sets the tone for the culture of the organization.In the article The Ethical Commitment to Compliance: Building Value-Based Cultures, it mentions that a study was done to ompare and contrast the effectiveness of a rules-and-punishment approach with a values-and-integrity approach to compliance. They found that programs had fewer reports of unethical conduct, higher levels of ethical awareness, more employees seeking advice about ethical issues, and a higher likelihood of employees reporting violations. These ethics are instilled from the leadership down to the emp loyees. There is clear empirical evidence that a leader and culture built on ethics will benefit the organization through the integrity of its employees. The rticle goes on to say that leaders of an organization can greatly improve the overall quality and integrity of the organization by focusing on the executive leader's policies and the actions of the supervisors to lead with procedural fairness.This shows that ethical leadership can be proven by the equality of the processes that are implemented. The article concludes that the â€Å"role for the ethics and compliance officer [is] a values-based approach, in which organizations seek to motivate employees to develop and act on ethical values† and that it â€Å"is a more effective pproach to managing rule adherence. † The value-based approached discussed in the article is instilled from the top down. It is important that the leadership of the organization establish this ethical standard.Once the employees understand th at ethics are the norm and values will be embraced, it is a lot easier for them to adhere to the ethical standards of the leadership. Any unethical behavior performed by leaders can potentially give peers an excuse to participate in unethical behavior themselves. In the article Who's With Me? False Consensus and Ethical Decision Making, it states â€Å"people tend to see their choices and attitudes as being consistent with others' choices and attitudes, which, in turn, leads them to interpret their actions and beliefs as ‘common and appropriate†.Leaders set the example. If they waiver on their perceived ethical behavior, it could have repercussions with their peers who let unethical behavior become more commonplace. This is further illustrated in the article Rational Cheaters vs. Intrinsic Motivators when it states â€Å"there are conscience-driven employees whose empathy toward their employer overns whether theyll consider cheating†. An employee's view of their leaders may potentially have a corresponding effect with how ethical they are in the workplace.  Also you can read a rather interesting article about an Ethical Flaw.In the article The Leader Machine by Geoff Colvin, it states â€Å"most companies have enunciated values that include respect for the individual, good citizenship and integrity. When company leaders also become leaders of charities, schools, and other nonprofits, they snow their commitment to those values, encouraging and inspiring employees. † This example shows the importance of leadership choosing virtuous principles. Not only should leaders behave ethically, but it is also important to inspire their employees by participating in giving back to the community.Robert Mueller, in the chapter The Networking Leader, wonderfully summarizes â€Å"Trust, mutuality, and ethics are essential. The high road to success lies in cultivating authentic, win-win relationships, inside the organization and out, while operatin g at the highest standards of ethics. † Thus, the evidence continues to point out that ethical leadership is irreplaceable. It is vital to the health and success of any organization achieving for greatness. Ethical Leadership The Importance of Ethical Leadership Ethical leadership is the foundation to successful leadership. There is no substitute for honesty and integrity inside and outside of the workplace. It is something that is extremely difficult to earn back. Once someone's ethical persona has been Jeopardized that person may not ever be able to regain it, especially if that person continues to work among the same peers. Ethical leadership sets the tone for the culture of the organization.In the article The Ethical Commitment to Compliance: Building Value-Based Cultures, it mentions that a study was done to ompare and contrast the effectiveness of a rules-and-punishment approach with a values-and-integrity approach to compliance. They found that programs had fewer reports of unethical conduct, higher levels of ethical awareness, more employees seeking advice about ethical issues, and a higher likelihood of employees reporting violations. These ethics are instilled from the leadership down to the emp loyees. There is clear empirical evidence that a leader and culture built on ethics will benefit the organization through the integrity of its employees. The rticle goes on to say that leaders of an organization can greatly improve the overall quality and integrity of the organization by focusing on the executive leader's policies and the actions of the supervisors to lead with procedural fairness.This shows that ethical leadership can be proven by the equality of the processes that are implemented. The article concludes that the â€Å"role for the ethics and compliance officer [is] a values-based approach, in which organizations seek to motivate employees to develop and act on ethical values† and that it â€Å"is a more effective pproach to managing rule adherence. † The value-based approached discussed in the article is instilled from the top down. It is important that the leadership of the organization establish this ethical standard.Once the employees understand th at ethics are the norm and values will be embraced, it is a lot easier for them to adhere to the ethical standards of the leadership. Any unethical behavior performed by leaders can potentially give peers an excuse to participate in unethical behavior themselves. In the article Who's With Me? False Consensus and Ethical Decision Making, it states â€Å"people tend to see their choices and attitudes as being consistent with others' choices and attitudes, which, in turn, leads them to interpret their actions and beliefs as ‘common and appropriate†.Leaders set the example. If they waiver on their perceived ethical behavior, it could have repercussions with their peers who let unethical behavior become more commonplace. This is further illustrated in the article Rational Cheaters vs. Intrinsic Motivators when it states â€Å"there are conscience-driven employees whose empathy toward their employer overns whether theyll consider cheating†. An employee's view of their leaders may potentially have a corresponding effect with how ethical they are in the workplace.  Also you can read a rather interesting article about an Ethical Flaw.In the article The Leader Machine by Geoff Colvin, it states â€Å"most companies have enunciated values that include respect for the individual, good citizenship and integrity. When company leaders also become leaders of charities, schools, and other nonprofits, they snow their commitment to those values, encouraging and inspiring employees. † This example shows the importance of leadership choosing virtuous principles. Not only should leaders behave ethically, but it is also important to inspire their employees by participating in giving back to the community.Robert Mueller, in the chapter The Networking Leader, wonderfully summarizes â€Å"Trust, mutuality, and ethics are essential. The high road to success lies in cultivating authentic, win-win relationships, inside the organization and out, while operatin g at the highest standards of ethics. † Thus, the evidence continues to point out that ethical leadership is irreplaceable. It is vital to the health and success of any organization achieving for greatness.

A Growing Problem in the United States

Stating this proves that it schools are a in the epidemic. The epidemic is increasing and part of it rising is the schools fault. There are thousands and thousands of children who become obese from eating school lunch. School lunches are very high in the calories. Their lunches are very unhealthy. It doesn't only make children become obese or overweight. It also ruins their health, and that is very bad. Also according to the mnn. om website â€Å"those who regularly ate the school lunch were 29 percent more likely to become obese that those who packed their own. † By learning this we know children who eat lunch has a greater percent to becoming obese. Also learning this proves that school lunch is very unhealthy. Therefore I think schools should pay attention to how their school lunch affects a child's weight. Vending machines and chool stores sell too much high calorie snacks and drinks. This needs to stop because this is another reason why childhood obesity increases from sc hools.I think the vending machines and the school stores need to have healthier snacks and drinks. President Obama says â€Å"Removing unhealthy high-calorie snacks and drinks from schools is a important step toward tackling the nation's childhood obesity epidemic. † What president Obama is basically saying is that removing snacks and drinks will help to lessen childhood obesity in America. Removing is way to lessen our big trouble with children weight. Removing unhealthy snacks and drinks could give America to decrease childhood obesity.Also president Obama said â€Å"the sale of unhealthy high-calorie snacks and drinks in school vending machines undermines these etto rts to ensure access to healthy and nutritious t in schools † Basically president Obama is trying to say selling these high calorie snacks and drinks is not supporting the decrease in childhood obesity schools should not sell unhealthy things to children. I think schools should sell healthy snacks and dr inks because the students can benefit in school and use it in their daily lives.For example maybe if they eat healthy in school it will encourage the kids to eat healthy outside of school and if they eat healthy they don't have to worry about become obese or overweight. This gives a child a better way not to become obese or overweight. As a conclusion to this I think schools should decrease the amount of calories that are in their snacks and drinks. They should make the snacks and drinks healthier. I believe schools should wake up and look and start having more physical activities. Children in America are too overweight and they should start having more physical activity and exercise.The perfect way for kids to exercise is at school with all their friends and for them to have fun while doing it. According to Kelly D â€Å"obesity is but one of many problems brought on by poor diet and lack of physical activity. † (Page 142) Exercise is very important way to prevent obesity. S o school is Just the right place to provide children a way to prevent obesity. Children can exercise 45 minutes a day. That way children have a better chance to not end up being obese or overweight. According to Kiess W, Marcus, Claud and Wabitsch â€Å"physical activity is one of the most important factors for therapy and prevention of obesity in children.Physical activity is a graet prevention for childhood obesity. This is another good way for children to exercise in school. It gives people who are obese a chance to not be obese anymore. Physical activity is a great and easy way to become normal in weigh. It also keeps people healthy. Children can practice all kinds of physical activities. They can have fun while doing physical activity. They can have fun exercising at the same time practicing to be healthy. Physical activity is very easy and healthy way to prevent obesity. Also the cdc. com website states that physical activity helps reduce the risk of eveloping obesity.So if y ou can exercise often there is a greater chance that you're not likely to become obese then a person who eats the same as you and does not exercise. So the more you exercise the better. As a result schools should open more physical activities because if they do the amount of child hood obesity will lessen. The three ways that schools can help with childhood obesity giving healthier school lunch, lessening the high calorie snacks and drinks, and adding more physical activities in schools. I think schools need healthier lunch because children's weight can be decreased.I also think he high calorie snacks and drinks need to be lessened in vending machines and school stores. I also think there should be more physical activities its easy and its fun. Childhood obesity need to b decreased now and schools can help. They need to give healthier lunch, decrease the amount of high calorie drinks and snacks, and they also need to add more physical activities. Childhood obesity is a big social is sue in America and we can make it decreased if we get the schools involved. So we need to start as soon as possible because the rising of childhood obesity is not looking good. So let's get schools involved now.

Commonly Confused Words Peace and Piece

Commonly Confused Words Peace and Piece The words peace and piece are homophones: they are pronounced the same but have different meanings. The noun peace means contentment or the absence of war. The noun piece refers to a portion or a part of a whole. As a verb,  piece is often followed by together and means to complete or join into a whole (as in piece together a quilt). Idiomatically, you may hold your peace (stay silent) or speak your piece (say what you have to say). See the examples and usage notes below. Examples When the power of love overcomes the love of power, the world will know peace.Jimi Hendrix Sitting at the table one day, I held the fork in my left hand and pierced a piece of chicken.Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Random House, 1969 You can sign any peace treaty you want, give back this piece of land and that piece of land, but peace is never going to happen until those things do. Its got to start with us learning each others names. With us feeling responsible for each others fates.Naomi Ragen, The Sacrifice of Tamar. Crown, 1994 Speak your piece; then hold your peace. Dont restate, restate, and restate. Dont summarize if you have only written a few pages.Mary Lynn Kelsch and Thomas Kelsch, Writing Effectively: A Practical Guide. Prentice-Hall, 1981 Usage Notes Piece has the word pie in it, which should remind you of the familiar phrase a piece of pie. You can meditate to find peace of mind, or you can get angry and give someone a piece of your mind.(Paul Brians, Common Errors in English Usage. William, James, 2003)Whereas peace of mind is calm assurance, a piece of ones mind is something a person says in a fit of pique. But the two are surprisingly often confounded.(Bryan Garner,Garners Modern American Usage. Oxford University Press, 2009) Practice (a) _____ is not merely a distant goal that we seek, but a means by which we arrive at that goal.(Martin Luther King, Jr.) (b) I never met a _____ of chocolate I didnt like. Answers (a) Peace  is not merely a distant goal that we seek, but a means by which we arrive at that goal.(Martin Luther King, Jr.) (b) I never met a  piece  of chocolate I didnt like.

Humman Cloning Essays

Humman Cloning Essays Humman Cloning Essay Humman Cloning Essay * INTRODUCTION: The world of science and the public at large were both shocked and fascinated by the announcement in the journal Nature by Ian Wilmut and his colleagues that they had successfully cloned a sheep from a single cell of an adult sheep (Wilmut 1997). Scientists were in part surprised, because many had believed that after the very early stage of embryo development at which differentiation of cell function begins to take place, it would not be possible to achieve cloning of an adult mammal by nuclear transfer. In this process, the nucleus from the cell of an adult mammal is inserted into an ennucleated ovum, and the resulting embryo develops following the complete genetic code of the mammal from which the inserted nucleus was obtained. But some scientists and much of the public were troubled or apparently even horrified at the prospect that if adult mammals such as sheep could be cloned, then cloning of adult humans by the sameprocess would likely be possible as well. Of course, the process is far from perfected even with sheep- it took 276 failures by Wilmut and his colleagues to produce Dolly, their one success. Whether the process can be successfully replicated in other mammals, much less in humans, is not now known. But those who were horrified at the prospect of human cloning were not assuaged by the fact that the science with humans is not yet there, for it looked to them now perilously close. The response of most scientific and political leaders to the prospect of human cloning, indeed of Dr. Wilmut as well, was of immediate and strong condemnation. In the United States, President Clinton immediately banned federal financing of human cloning research and asked privately funded scientists to halt such work until the newly formed National Bioethics Advisory Commission could review the â€Å"troubling† ethical and legal implications. The Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) characterized human cloning as â€Å"ethically unacceptable as it would violate some of the basic principles which govern medically assisted reproduction. These include respect for the dignity of the human being and the protection of the security of human genetic material† (WHO 1997). Around the world similar immediate condemnation was heard, as human cloning was called a violation of human rights and human dignity. Even before Wilmut’s announcement, human cloning had been made illegal in nearly all countries in Europe and had been condemned by the Council of Europe (Council of Europe 1986). A few more cautious voices were heard, both suggesting some possible benefits from the use of human cloning in limited circumstances and questioning its too quick prohibition, but they were a clear minority. In the popular media, nightmare scenarios of laboratory mistakes resulting in monsters, the cloning of armies of Hitlers, the exploitative use of cloning for totalitarian ends as in Huxley’s Brave New World, and the murderous replicas of the film Blade Runner, all fed the public controversy and uneasiness. A striking feature of these early responses was that their strength and intensity seemed to far outrun the arguments and reasons offered in support of them- they seemed often to be â€Å"gut level† emotional reactions rather than considered reflections on the issues. Such reactions should not be simply dismissed, both because they may point us to important considerations otherwise missed and not easily articulated, and because they often have a major impact on public policy. But the formation of public policy should not ignore the moral reasons and arguments that bear on the practice of human cloning- these must be articulated inE-4 order to understand and inform people’s more immediate emotional responses. This paper is an effort to articulate, and to evaluate critically, the main moral considerations and arguments for and against human cloning. Though many people’s religious beliefs inform their views on human cloning, and it is often difficult to separate religious from secular positions, I shall restrict myself to arguments and reasons that can be given a clear secular formulation and will ignore explicitly religious positions and arguments pro or con. I shall also be concerned principally with cloning by nuclear transfer, which permits cloning of an adult, not cloning by embryo splitting, although some of the issues apply to both (Cohen and Tomkin 1994). I begin by noting that on each side of the issue there are two distinct kinds of moral arguments brought forward. On the one hand, some opponents claim that human cloning would violate fundamental moral or human rights, while some proponents argue that its prohibition would violate such rights. On the other hand, both opponents and proponents also cite the likely harms and benefits, both to individuals and to society, of the practice. While moral and even human rights need not be understood as bsolute, that is, as morally requiring people to respect them no matter how great the costs or bad consequences of doing so, they do place moralrestrictions on permissible actions that appeal to a mere balance of benefits over harms. For example, the rights of human subjects in research must be respected even if the result is that some potentially beneficial research is made more difficult or cannot be done, and the right of free expression prohibits the silencing of unpopular or even abhorrent views; in Ronald Dworkin’s striking formulation, rights trump utility (Dworkin 1978). I shall take up both the moral rights implicated in human cloning, as well as its more likely significant benefits and harms, because none of the rights as applied to human cloning is sufficiently uncontroversial and strong to settle decisively the morality of the practice one way or the other. But because of their strong moral force, the assessment of the moral rights putatively at stake is especially important. A further complexity here is that it is sometimes controversial whether a particular consideration is merely a matter of benefits and harms, or is instead a matter of moral or human rights. I shall begin with the arguments in support of permitting human cloning, although with no implication that it is the stronger or weaker position * The possibility of human cloning, raised when Scottish scientists at Roslin Institute created the much-celebrated sheep Dolly (Nature  385,  810-13, 1997), aroused worldwide interest and concern because of its scientific and ethical implications. The feat, cited by  Science  magazine as the breakthrough of 1997, also generated uncertainty over the meaning of cloning an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. Historical Background: The history of human cloning human cloning is undoubtedly one of the most fascinating chapters of our lives. Essential question to be discussed to understand the ramifications of human cloning is when human life begins? C. Ward Kischer, a famous American embryologists, wrote in a recent article: Since 1973 when Roe vs. Wade was wo n there were many socio-legal issues related to human embryo. Abortion, fertilization in vitro research on human embryos, research on stem cells, cloning and genetic engineering are substantive issues of human embryology†. The answer is clear embryology that life begins at fertilization of the egg by a sperm (sexual reproduction) or if the SCNT cloning, implantation and activation when the donor somatic cell nucleus into an egg recipient (asexual reproduction). (6) Although non-mammalian cloning was achieved in 1952, mankind had to wait another 44 years until he was finally cloned the first mammal. The first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep was born on July 5, 1996. In this fascinating history of cloning, there has been a major setback in 2003 when Dolly died at the age of 6 years. Death of the first cloned mammal, was followed by a lively debate related issues / ethical aspects of cloning, debate that continues today. Besides the successful attempts to clone the different species of animals, XX century was marked by several important moments in the development of the genealogy. Deciphering the success of DNA code in 1968 came as an enormous progress around much desired human clone. With nearly 20 years later, by 1988 the human genome, that genome Homosapiens stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes has been released. As things were headed becoming better by the appearance of a human clone, a major problem has become human cloning prohibition act in 2009, which has labeled as cloning illegal, immoral, not unethical activity. Since 2009, human cloning is illegal in 23 countries. So far, experiments were undertaken with five species of animals and the high rate of failure has given rise to many questions about human cloning success. Only 1% of animal cloning made so far have had a positive result, but most of them have suffered serious disorders. The conclusion of experts is that the current level of technology, human cloning is very dangerous. I discussed two types of human cloning: therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning. Therapeutic cloning involves cloning cells from an adult for medicinal use and is an active research area, while reproductive cloning would involve the creation of human clones. Therapeutic cloning could provide unique ways to cure diseases until now considered incurable: diabetes, Parkinsons, Alzheimers, heart disease. (1) The third type of cloning called replacement cloning is a possibility in theory and would be a combination of therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning. Higher probability of achieving a therapeutic cloning is more accessible in terms of technique, but also less morally problematic. * Statement Of The Problem: * What is cloning? Are there different types of cloning * How can cloning technologies be used? * What Animal Haved Been Cloned ? * Can organs be cloned for use in transplants? * What are the risks of cloning? * Should humans be cloned? * How Human Cloning Will Work Cause And Effect: Ethics Ethical issues of human cloning have become an important issue in recent years. Many ethical arguments against human cloning are based on misconceptions. Many people think that these clones will have the same characteristics / personalities as the person cloned. Although clone and cloned individual have the same genes, traits and personalities are different. People think that a clone is physically identical to the donor and her behavior, but this is not true because although there is a physical identity, living environment shapes an individuals ongoing behavior and psychology. Many people believe that cloning will lead to loss of individuality eventually, but people have their own personality cloned which personality is similar to those in which they were created. Lawrence Nelson, associate professor of philosophy at UCS, said that embryos can be used for research if: the purpose of research can not be achieved by other methods;    the embryos have reached more than 14-18 days of development;    those who use forbid you to consider or treat as personal property. One of the most serious problems of cloning of human embryos for therapeutic purposes, is that with harvesting stem cells, the embryo is formed by cloning practical killed. We can not reduce the existence of a human embryo to a cell as long as after both science and teaching of the Church, the human embryo is a carrier of life. 8) For a few years, the legalization of human cloning is in the center of global debate, which was also attended not only scientists but also politicians, philosophers, theologians, psychologists. For example, American Association of Pro Life Obstetricians and Gynecologists (AAPLOG) has spoken out against cloning, drawing attention that some business people might think of trading a human life. (4) What is harder is that it could reach the reproduction of living people without them knowing, to be involved in this process or to give consent. Questions appeared on the social status of any clone. What will be their status in society? In the U. S. House of Representatives issued a ruling that human cloning is illegal, but the Senate has yet to rule on the matter. The opinions are still leaning toward accepting only therapeutic cloning. Legalization of therapeutic cloning has been proposed as the only way to investigate, the chances of success, the basic criterion for funding such programs as the primary objective should be finding cures for incurable diseases. A coalition of states, including Spain, Italy, Philippines, USA, Costa Rica and the Holy Land have tried to expand the debate on all forms of human cloning, noting that in their view, therapeutic cloning violates human dignity. Costa Rica proposed the adoption of an international convention to combat any form of cloning. Australia has banned human cloning in December 2006, but therapeutic cloning is now legal in some parts of Australia. European Union European Convention on Human Rights prohibits human cloning in an additional protocol, but the protocol has been ratified only by Greece, Spain and Portugal. England The British government introduced legislation to allow therapeutic cloning in a debate on January 14, 2001. Hope that parliament will pass the law was prohibitive. Roman Catholic Church under Pope Benedict XVI has condemned the practice of human cloning, saying it represents a grave offense against human dignity and equality among the people. Human cloning is prohibited in Islam at the Tenth Conference in Jeddah. Saudi Arabia has decided on June 28, 1997-July 3, 1997 as the beginning of human cloning is haraam (forbidden by the faith-sin). Jesse Rainbow explain why there is an aversion to human cloning a clone would not be a real person cloning is playing the God cloning is not natural mention in closing some of the conditions proposed in a provisional list yet, so research on therapeutic human cloning (reproductive one is illegal) to proceed lawfully: it is necessary for embryos to be used only in the early stages of their development, without being allowed to grow further, all programs research must be supervised by government organizations dealing with fertilization and genetic techniques, various research programs will receive funding and approval only if it is scientifically demonstrated that there is no other way of obtaining the same results conventional, will not be permitted to research on human genetic material can be combined with that of animals, there must be a permanent state of public information on research undertaken and to be postulated that the limitations may be required to report the experiences and suffering of animals used for human benefit. (5)

Examples of Electrical, Thermal Conductors Insulators

Examples of Electrical, Thermal Conductors Insulators   A material that readily transmits energy is a conductor, while one that resist energy transfer is called an insulator. There are different types of conductors and insulators because there are different forms of energy. Materials that conduct electrons, protons, or ions are electrical conductors. They conduct electricity. Usually, electrical conductors have loosely bound electrons.  Materials that conduct heat are thermal conductors. Substances that transfer sound are acoustical conductors. There are corresponding insulators for each type of conductor. Many materials are both electrical and thermal conductors or insulators. However, there are exceptions, so dont assume just because a sample conducts (insulates) ​one form of energy that it behaves the same for other forms! Metals typically conduct both heat and electricity. Carbon conducts ​electricity as graphite, but insulates as diamond, so the form or allotrope of a material can be important. Examples of Electrical Conductors silveraluminum foilgoldcoppergraphitesteelbrassbronze Examples of Electrical Insulators glassplasticrubberporcelainairpure waterdry paperdry wood Examples of Thermal Conductors diamondsilvergold Examples of Thermal Insulators polystyrene foamwatermineral woolplastic

Canadaian Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Canadaian Studies - Essay Example The past governments leading to its poor social, educational, and health outcomes in relation to their Aboriginal Canadian citizens have sidelined the Northwest region (Simeone, 2011). Despite the little improvements in the Northwest Region, more still needs to be done so that the Aboriginal Canadians also enjoy good standards of living like the other Canadian citizens. According to the 2006 Census, 3.8% of the Canadian population was made of the Aboriginal communities (Simeone, 2011). Amongst these communities, the Indians make the largest percentage of 60%. Furthermore, Canadas Northwest Aboriginal population is growing faster than the nonaboriginal population (Simeone, 2011). Moreover, from 1996-2006 there was almost 45% increase of the aboriginal population in Canada (Simeone, 2011). Despite the various gains in sectors of education, employment, and income in the past decade, the aboriginal population in Canada still lags behind on those sectors. In Northwest region, Inuits fare worse on a variety of economic indicators when compared to the Metis. Some of the social and economic challenges that face the region include poor prevalence on health issues in the region, unemployment, and low income and educational levels. The Northwest region in Canada has been a topic of concern with its increasing gas and oil development in the region. The political situation in the region has been high with the local communities and non-governmental organizations raising their concerns on the need to protect the environment (Cain and Ken, 2013). Additionally, the Aboriginal communities in the region often experience a dynamic political and social, cultural response. The politics of the region are concerned with the ultimate protection of various cultural landscapes in the Northwest region. Furthermore, the government has consistently negotiated with the community leaders through the government resource managers towards amicable solutions that could lead to

Marketing of NBA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing of NBA - Essay Example This will severely impede the ability of the NBA to expand beyond the United States. Most NBA teams are based in the United States, therefore a problem of geography will face any marketing efforts, as has happened in the past. Different languages may describe a slam-dunk with different words, but it is still unlikely, if not impossible, for a Beijinger to cheer the Bulls. To believe otherwise is nave. 2. For the NBA to enter Australia, a country obsessed with sports, may be practical in terms of microeconomic possibility, but it will still fail because NBA is an American sport. Australians have their own Australian Football League, also known as Aussie-rules football, the National Rugby League and the Super 12s, a competition played with teams from New Zealand and South Africa, that are all keen rugby union playing nations with a shared history of belonging in the Commonwealth. If establishing a team in Australia is an adjustment then this is what the NBA must do to become established in Australia. Sport is highly regionalized in Australia, and the NBA must have local support to generate Australian revenue.

Citibank IN New Countries for Futures Markets Development Essay

Citibank IN New Countries for Futures Markets Development - Essay Example Furthermore, the projected customer base also determines the market entry approach that best fits that target market. In the case of Chile, the country illustrates an ideal market size approximated at 17.4 million citizens, and with the main degree of economic freedom. In this regard, the best market entry approach for Chile is the improvement of customer engagement and satisfaction through more relevant ad timely communications. This is mainly because of the large projected customer base that in turn requires for additional attention. The real-time relationship between the customers and the bank backed by the timely communications offers in-depth customer insights through each interaction point (Czinkota 512). The turning of customer’s insights into automated and operational brilliance further paves way for the new banking service in Chile thus leading to realization of higher profits. This approach also suits Chile as it incorporates the research evidencing the deficiency of banks to provide value to their customers. Countering this pre-existent condition, this approach enhances the customer’s records using key insights such as their lifestyle and banking behavior. As a result, there exists a more relevant and effective distribution of value to all segments of the customer base. Subsequently, factors such as high ranking in World Bank’s income groups of 2012 and lower middle economy characterize Bolivia. Furthermore, the similarity between Bolivia and Chile as illustrated by the cultural dimensions calls for an entering approach that depicts slow customer attrition while building stronger relationships (Carlton 252). This approach ensures minimal dissatisfaction of customers thus preventing loss of established customer bases to competitors. Through creation of early warning systems, this approach identifies the customers’ turning points prior to their occurrence thus providing a chance to address the customers at risk. In other wor ds, this approach ensures continuous productivity through active implementation of retention measures through shaping the services according to the customer’s preferences. On the other hand, Slovenia illustrates a collective society whose members exchange adherence and loyalty. With a reduced market size, Slovenia calls for a real time customer growth initiative. This approach propels take cross-sell and up-sell to new heights by triggering the target market’s readiness to open new accounts and enjoy the services offered. Through development of cross-sell and up-sell programs, identification of customer’s readiness to create, change or start utilizing on-line services becomes predictable. As a result, the bank gains control over the sale of certain products and services through studying customer behavior. Foreign direct investment actively participates to the growth of global business through provision of new markets and applicable marketing channels (Graham & S paulding 1). Furthermore, it contributes to provision of cheaper production facilities in a country like Chile where the population is relevantly high. Furthermore, licensing accrues for significantly higher returns through engagement into relatively risky markets such as Bolivia. Following to extreme competition, foreign direct investment facilitates provision and effective utilization of new technology, products and skills. On the other hand, these aspects aid the development of a strong forward

International Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Finance - Assignment Example in order for an economic union to be successful it is necessary to have following conditions among the member countries: 1. Labour mobility: Labour mobility is the free access to labour without any legal or cultural obstacle, and having similar wages and other employment conditions. 2. Capital mobility: It will allow the market forces to enhance the equal distribution of wealth and resources through supply and demand. 3. Similar Business Cycle: It will help the member countries in reducing inflation and increasing growth. 4. Automatic Fiscal Transfer Mechanism: It will help in redistribution of money towards less developed areas without federal interference. As of today, the European Union is comprised of 27 member countries having an aggregate population of around 500 million people. Making an economic union was a very bold and risky step for European countries. It involved not only the compromise on the individual monetary freedom of the member countries but also the integration of central banks. The basic purpose of this unification was to give economic support to member countries through the integration of economic and political policies. In order to enhance the importance of Europe in the monetary mechanism of the world, there was a need of unity among European countries. ... The European Union was officially created on 1st November, 1993 under the third Delors Commission. The Euro was introduced initially in a non-physical form like EFT or travelers cheques in January 1999 and captured the market completely in physical form on 1st January 2002. In contrast to the economist expectations, Euro survived a good length of time. It was the first experiment of its kind in the history. Many economists were skeptic about the future of Euro and its corresponding impact on European economic future. Several criticisms rose as to the applicability of the Optimum Currency Theory on European Union due to the lack of mobility of factors of production among member countries. US economists objected that European Union is not so integrated to issue single currency like the different states of US. However they overlook the fact that it took more than 150 years to United States to integrate the monetary system of all states by issuing Dollars for the entire nation. However t he theory of optimum currency area does not include political economy factors like the desire for European integration on political level, reducing the exchange rate risks and achieving stable price levels. US economists also believed that the entire European monetary integration was basically a political ploy and therefore lacking the necessary criteria of the optimum currency area. On the basis of the crisis of European Exchange rate system in early 90s, they begin to suspect the viability of this monetary union. From the very beginning of the European monetary integration process, this union is always question on the basis of the optimum currency area theory. The basis of all criticism was that the Europe was not at

The L-World as A Good Character-driven Drama Essay

The L-World as A Good Character-driven Drama - Essay Example The L-Word fits extremely well into this genre as it focuses on a very organic unveiling of personality and conflict. It is a high quality drama within this genre, as it features a well-written script with complex characters and original content. The scripts of the L-Word are extremely well-written. It is vital for character-driven dramas to be well written as dialogue is a focus of character-driven drama. Dialogue must be natural, realistic and fit organically into the characters established personality for character-driven dramas to succeed. The script of the L-Word achieves this through the naturalism of its dialogue and the way in which each characters lines fit well into their personality. For example in season 5 episode 7 â€Å"Longing†, the character of Alice is angry with Jenny for stealing her idea for a screen play. In justifying this, Jenny likens herself to Monet by pretending to hear him speak. Alice replies â€Å"That’s so funny because I hear him as well ...so weird...what’s that? He says don’t ever compare yourself to him.† This is a very appropriate and believable response for the character of Alice as she is portrayed as very witty and quirky. In the character of Bette the viewer is presented with an extremely strong, intelligent and highly educated woman and her dialogue is a constant reflection of this throughout each series as she debates and engages in discussions in a very wordy, articulate and well-informed manner. Character complexity is another area which is of fundamental importance to character-driven dramas. As people are naturally quite complex creatures, this must be echoed in character-driven dramas as they aim to reflect the complexities of existence. To have one-dimensional, straightforward characters would be detrimental in this genre as it would lose its appeal and indeed its integrity. Complexity is portrayed through every character of the L-Word but none more so than the characters of Bette and Jenny. Bette is a highly educated and confident professional who is deeply in love with her partner and together they are in a committed long term relationship. Despite this, Bette is constantly tempted by adulterous behavior. When she is presented with opportunities to cheat on her partner, she is severely conflicted about doing so and goes to great lengths to avoid temptation. The fact that she is so happy with her partner and they have serious relationship problems, conveys the complexi ties of Bettes character as there is no motivation for her to be disloyal. Another complex character is that of Jenny, a highly introspective, creative and sensitive character who goes through several drastic psychological transformations throughout each season of the show. In season 1, Jenny is a painfully shy, awkward and very kind girl. By the end of the final season, she is portrayed as cruel, arrogant, self-indulgent and unpredictable. In this way, the complexities of her character are realised through her many personality evolutions. Originality is an important factor of any TV show. If a show does not present something new or different, then the same material is simply regurgitated again and again which leads to poor quality of writing and content. By offering something fresh, be it in content, treatment or

Coursework of innovation and technology transfer Essay

Coursework of innovation and technology transfer - Essay Example For exÐ °mple, since 1981, grÐ °ms-per-mile (gpm) emissions of cÐ °rbon monoxide Ð °nd hydrocÐ °rbons hÐ °ve been reduced to Ð ° mÐ °ximum of 4 percent of their mid-1960s levels. In Ð pril 2002, CÐ °liforniÐ ° becÐ °me the first US stÐ °te in which Ð ° bill restricting cÐ °rbon dioxide emissions from Ð °utomobiles wÐ °s introduced. Current nÐ °tionÐ °l regulÐ °tions cÐ °ll for less thÐ °n 0.25 gpm of nonmethÐ °ne hydrocÐ °rbons in vehicle exhÐ °ust, less thÐ °n 3.4 gpm of cÐ °rbon monoxide, Ð °nd less thÐ °n 0.4 gpm of nitrogen oxides. UnfortunÐ °tely, reÐ °l-world emissions of cÐ °rbon monoxide Ð °nd hydrocÐ °rbons Ð °re typicÐ °lly Ð °bout five times higher thÐ °n the levels tested in the lÐ °b, while emissions of nitrogen oxides Ð °re Ð °bout two times higher. The reÐ °son is thÐ °t some emissions tests do not mÐ °tch reÐ °l-world driving conditions very well. Ð lso, some emissions controls do not survive the weÐ °r Ð °nd teÐ °r o f driving. OverÐ °ll, this is still Ð ° mÐ °jor Ð °chievement, Ð °nd the Ð °ir is noticeÐ °bly cleÐ °ner in some U.S. cities. To respond to the chÐ °llenges of the cleÐ °ner Ð °ir Ð °nd less pollutions done by Ð °utomobiles, the electric vehicle hÐ °s been introduced on the mÐ °rket in the nineteenth century. However it fÐ °ded Ð °s the gÐ °soline powered engine took the spotlight. Current pÐ °per is Ð °imed Ð °t presenting the electric vehicle mÐ °rket chÐ °llenges Ð °nd importÐ °nce of this innovÐ °tion Ð °s one of the Ð °lternÐ °tives in the Ð °utomobile industry. The pÐ °per discusses the significÐ °nce of the technology, competitive Ð °dvÐ °ntÐ °ge on the mÐ °rket Ð °s well Ð °s risks Ð °ssociÐ °ted with the introduction of the electric vehicle to the Ð °utomobile industry. CÐ °liforniÐ ° single hÐ °ndedly pushed the Ð °utomotive industry into developing the electric vehicle to its fullest cÐ °pÐ °city by instituting, in 1990, the zero-emission vehicle mÐ °ndÐ °te, or ZEV. It requires thÐ °t Ð ° specified mÐ °nufÐ °cturer’s sÐ °les consist of

The L-World as A Good Character-driven Drama Essay

The L-World as A Good Character-driven Drama - Essay Example The L-Word fits extremely well into this genre as it focuses on a very organic unveiling of personality and conflict. It is a high quality drama within this genre, as it features a well-written script with complex characters and original content. The scripts of the L-Word are extremely well-written. It is vital for character-driven dramas to be well written as dialogue is a focus of character-driven drama. Dialogue must be natural, realistic and fit organically into the characters established personality for character-driven dramas to succeed. The script of the L-Word achieves this through the naturalism of its dialogue and the way in which each characters lines fit well into their personality. For example in season 5 episode 7 â€Å"Longing†, the character of Alice is angry with Jenny for stealing her idea for a screen play. In justifying this, Jenny likens herself to Monet by pretending to hear him speak. Alice replies â€Å"That’s so funny because I hear him as well ...so weird...what’s that? He says don’t ever compare yourself to him.† This is a very appropriate and believable response for the character of Alice as she is portrayed as very witty and quirky. In the character of Bette the viewer is presented with an extremely strong, intelligent and highly educated woman and her dialogue is a constant reflection of this throughout each series as she debates and engages in discussions in a very wordy, articulate and well-informed manner. Character complexity is another area which is of fundamental importance to character-driven dramas. As people are naturally quite complex creatures, this must be echoed in character-driven dramas as they aim to reflect the complexities of existence. To have one-dimensional, straightforward characters would be detrimental in this genre as it would lose its appeal and indeed its integrity. Complexity is portrayed through every character of the L-Word but none more so than the characters of Bette and Jenny. Bette is a highly educated and confident professional who is deeply in love with her partner and together they are in a committed long term relationship. Despite this, Bette is constantly tempted by adulterous behavior. When she is presented with opportunities to cheat on her partner, she is severely conflicted about doing so and goes to great lengths to avoid temptation. The fact that she is so happy with her partner and they have serious relationship problems, conveys the complexi ties of Bettes character as there is no motivation for her to be disloyal. Another complex character is that of Jenny, a highly introspective, creative and sensitive character who goes through several drastic psychological transformations throughout each season of the show. In season 1, Jenny is a painfully shy, awkward and very kind girl. By the end of the final season, she is portrayed as cruel, arrogant, self-indulgent and unpredictable. In this way, the complexities of her character are realised through her many personality evolutions. Originality is an important factor of any TV show. If a show does not present something new or different, then the same material is simply regurgitated again and again which leads to poor quality of writing and content. By offering something fresh, be it in content, treatment or

Audit & Assurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Audit & Assurance - Essay Example Therefore US introduced the Sarbanes Oxley Act in 2002 and UK, in 2003, set up two reviews- RRAP (Regulatory Regime of Accountancy Profession) and CGAA (Coordinating Group on Audit and Accounting) (Gray & Manson, 2007, p.140). The audit committee consists of board of directors who are entrusted with the oversight of financial reports preparation and disclosures. The more reliable the information is the more it is useful and through the auditing this purpose is achieved. The shareholders of a company are its owners who appoint the stewards in the form of directors and managers to manage the company on their behalf. The problem arises when the stewards place their personal interests before the owners’ interests. And as the managers are at an advantage over shareholders in terms of information the auditing (both internal and external) functions become all the more important. The recent financial crisis has led to the requirement of enhancing the transparency on the managerâ€℠¢s activities and their risk management. The identification, analysis and management of the operational as well as strategic risk are the key to avoid failures of firms if the crises were to occur in future. The audit committee alone is not responsible to prevent the economic downturn but plays an important role by challenging the assumptions and estimates the auditors undertake as part of the audit process as the economic environment changes with time (FRC, 2011). Objectives of the Paper This paper has mainly five objectives. Firstly, to understand the rights and responsibilities of the audit committee and their importance in today’s volatile financial environment. Secondly, why firms need audit committees and what they are doing to improve audit committees’ effectiveness. Thirdly, the meaning and importance of Audit Assurance has been explained. Fourthly, there is an explanation of the audit process both internal as well as external. Fifthly, the role of regulators a nd audit firms in bringing more effectiveness in audit process and transparency in financial disclosures so that the investors able able to take informed decisions. Rights and Responsibilities of the Audit Committee The Financial Reporting Council has provided the guidelines on Audit Committees. The rights of audit committee are as follows: 1. All the directors and management staff are obligated to keep the audit committee properly informed even if not asked. They must be cooperative with the audit committee. 2. The opinions of the audit committee should be listened and discussed by both the management and the board. 3. The audit committee has a right to intervene if it finds any discrepancy in the audit and financial controls process. And if not satisfied by the explanations given by the management then it may seek independent advice. 4. The work of the audit committee gets time consuming and intensive; therefore management must provide them with the necessary resources including t he payment. There should also be a provision of induction and training of the new audit committee members in the company. The training may be continued if required. The board of the company should establish an audit committee with at least two to three members in consultation with the nomination

Strategies for Selecting a Topic Essay Example for Free

Strategies for Selecting a Topic Essay Question-Answer What two objects, people, subjects, or concepts are you going to compare and contrast?The subjects I am going to use is Bipolar 1 and Bipolar 2 What are the similarities between the two objects, people, subjects, or concepts? List as many similarities that you can think of. One type of bipolar acts out unexpectedly and has similar adhd acts. The other type of bipolar acts out uncontrollable, and has similar, mood disorders and adhd. What are the differences between the two objects, people, subjects, or concepts? List as many differences that you can think of.The differences are one bipolar is uncontrollably and the other bipolar is more timid Are you going to focus on similarities, differences, or both? Explain your rationale. I want to explain the differences and similarities and hope to let people know that there are others out there with the same problems. What do you want your readers to learn and understand after reading your essay? What is the purpose of your essay?The differences between the two, and I want to know that just because kids look normal they may not be. What three parallel points of comparison or contrast will you address in your essay? For example, if you were going to compare and contrast two teachers, your three parallel points might be these: †¢Each teacher’s homework policy †¢Each teacher’s classroom conduct policy †¢Each teacher’s demeanor 1.The differences between bipolar 1 and bipolar 2.What types of other mental disorder usually comes with the two types of bipolar and different ways to try to handle the situations and medications. 3.Some of the ways to know how each child is and how to go about it from the morning through school and at home. Explain why this is an appropriate and workable topic selection for the final assignment.This  is an appropriate workable topic because people need to be aware of different kids of kids and not to judge. The most important is to let people know that they are not alone because there are not many blogs, groups out there for these families.

The business process reengineering

The business process reengineering Summary In this report we are discussing the two approaches related to the business process it is basically a critical decision that every good and progressing enterprise has to take in short or long run. The BPR (Business process reengineering) and the business modeling (creating a new process) and the difference in between, is the topic in this report. Business Process Modeling (BPM) represents the activity of processes of a business. Purpose to implement a business process model is analyze and improve the enterprise activities regarding the core business. It is commonly performed in an enterprise by expert business analysts and business line managers, who seeks continuous process improvement and efficiency. Three major types of processes involved in a business are: Management Processes Operational Processes Supporting Processes Business Process Reengineering (BPR) is a kind of method of management practitioners to improve business efficiency. The fundamentals of Business Process Reengineering are to look at the business processes from a clean slate perspective and to find out how to reconstruct these processes to increase the efficiency of the business. Reengineering is redesigning, revising and rethinking of business processes to achieve cost, quality and speed or service oriented efficiency. Business Process Reengineering (BRP) consists of sequence strategies to promote the innovation and resulting excellence in competition, market place and profitability of the enterprise. A simple business process reengineering is best described in following four phases of the cycle i.e. Identification of a Process Review, Update and Analyze AS IS Design TO BE Testing and Implementation DEFO model, and all other methodologies related to BPR are discussed then their implementation phases, results then the discussion on results and the conclusion in which the difference between both of these have been highlighted. 1. Introduction / Background Business processes are the essential part of any kind of business. They are created by the help of business model and show the direction towards which a business flows. In this report, two basic business models are discussed in detail, difference in the approach is explained and what and how to proceed with these models has been described. The two business model which are discussed here are: Business Process Reengineering Business Process and Model 1.1 Business Process Reengineering Business Process Reengineering (BPR) is a kind of method of management practitioners to improve business efficiency. The fundamentals of Business Process Reengineering are to look at the business processes from a clean slate perspective and to find out how to reconstruct these processes to increase the efficiency of the business. Reengineering is redesigning, revising and rethinking of business processes to achieve cost, quality and speed or service oriented efficiency. Business Process Reengineering (BRP) consists of sequence strategies to promote the innovation and resulting excellence in competition, market place and profitability of the enterprise. A simple business process reengineering is best described in following four phases of the cycle i.e. 1.2 Business Process Modeling (Creating a new process) Business Process Modeling (BPM) represents the activity of processes of a business. Purpose to implement a business process model is analyze and improve the enterprise activities regarding the core business. It is commonly performed in an enterprise by expert business analysts and business line managers, who seeks continuous process improvement and efficiency. Three major types of processes involved in a business are: Management Processes Operational Processes Supporting Processes These processes can be further sub divided into numerous sub processes and sequence of activities. These sub processes have their own attributes and also contribute to achieve the objectives and goal of the major process. 2. Problem Area / Scope This report deals with the difference between two business processes i.e. Business process reengineering and business model (creating a new process). 2.1 Problem Area   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Report investigates the following problematic areas: How to deal with business process reengineering? How to implement it in an enterprise? How to design a business model for a new process? What is the difference between the approaches? How to improve a business using these models? 2.2 Scope Report deals primarily with the business process models specially focusing the approach of the two models i.e. Business Process Reengineering and Business Modeling (creating a new process). Business Process is a vast field with numerous methods and explanations. Report only deals with the Business Process Reengineering and Business Modeling (creating a new process) and how does it impact the working of an enterprise. 3. Methods Five methodologies are summarized after the basic BPR understanding. A few BPR methodologies from contemporary literature are as follows; Methodology #1 Develop vision strategy Create desired culture Integrate Improve enterprise Develop technology solutions Methodology #2 Determine Customer Requirements Goals for the Process Map and Measure the Existing Process Analyze and Modify Existing Process Design a Reengineered Process Implement the Reengineered Process Methodology#3 Set Direction Baseline and Benchmark Create the Vision Launch Problem Solving Projects Design Improvements Implement Change Embed Continuous Improvement Methodology #4 Motivating Reengineering Justifying Reengineering Planning Reengineering Setting up for Reengineering As Is Description Analysis To-Be Design and Validation Implementation Methodology #5 Preparation Identification Vision Technical Social design Transformation 4. Results Process reengineering emerged as an intelligent and very successful technique to refresh the current running processes in an organization; because business can be used as a common term, Business Process Reengineering BPR is now a famous term plus technique in an organization who is trying to revive the current processes whether its a service organization or consumer product manufacturer. 4.1 Reengineering Process Reengineering is the elementary rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve remarkable improvements in decisive, contemporary measures of performance such as cost, quality, service and speed. BPR advocates that enterprises go back to the basics and reexamine their very ancestry. As for results: BPR is clearly not for companies who want a 10% improvement, it is for the ones that need a ten-fold increase. The last but the most important of the four key words is the word-process. BPR more focuses on processes and not on tasks, jobs or people. It endeavors to redesign the strategic and value added processes that surpass organizational boundaries. 4.2 Implementing Reengineering Process According to many in the BPR field reengineering should apply energies in right direction and focus on processes and not be limited to thinking about the organizations. Currently people in an organization think individually about the particular department. So companies should name the processes rather using the department names that they do such that they express the beginning and end states. These names should imply to all the work that gets done between the start and finish points. i.e, order fulfillment can be called order to payment process. Talking about the importance of processes just as companies have organization charts, they should also have what are called process maps or workflow diagrams to give a picture of how work flows through the enterprise. Process mapping assists in identifying your current As-Is business processes and can be used to provide a To-Be roadmap for reengineering your product and service business enterprise functions; needless to say it logically helps to have a thorough look on the whole process cycle and of course it can also be used to monitor the reengineering as well. It is the significant link that your reengineering team can apply to better understand and radically improve your business processes and bottom-line performance. Possessing identified and mapped the processes, deciding which ones need to be reengineered and in what order is the million-dollar question. Generally they make their choices based on three criteria: Dysfunction: which processes are functioning the worst or which process is the bottle-neck? Importance: which are the most critical and influential in terms of customer satisfaction; Feasibility: which are the processes that are most likely to be successfully reengineered? This section will give an overview of creating a new business process; this section provides a guide to creating an initial, as is or baseline model, in other words the current situation. 4.3 Components of Business Process An as is or baseline model gives an overall picture of how the process works, now. Any structural, organizational and technological weak points and bottlenecks can then be identified, along with possible improvements at the next stage. You will need the following information before you start to create a new business process: The desired outcome of the process. The start and end points (customer need and customer fulfillment). The activities that are performed. The order of activities. The people who perform the activities. The documents and forms used and exchanged between functions and from customers and suppliers. 4.4 First phase The first phase of the process will involve a lot of positioning and repositioning of events and activities, so make sure you use a method that is flexible and easily changed. Use visual aids; if youre working with a group of users, it must be communicated to each user. 4.5 Second phase Once you have established an agreed sequence of events, you can create it as a flowchart on generic software or on specialized proprietary software. At this stage, need to check your model with the users by carrying out live observations of the sequence should be in practice. 4.6 Symbols and notation The diagrammatical representation of Business Process is commonly notation. There is no definitive system for Business Process creation notation, although efforts persist to standardize one. The Business Process Notation system is an example of an attempt to establish a standard BP notation system. Organizations may develop their own notation systems or use the notation of their chosen own/different way. 4.7 Methodology A combined methodology has been extracted from the five methodologies previously presented and an IDEF0 model was developed and for the sake of briefness, we have shown only the major activities in the IDEF0 model in Figure 1. In the following section, we deal with the details of the methodology. 4.7.1 Activity #1: Prepare for Reengineering: If you fail to plan, you plan to fail. Planning and preparation are vital factors for any activity or event to be successful and obviously in reengineering it is done too. Before executing reengineering, the question, Is BPR necessary? There should be a noteworthy need for the process to be reengineered. The validation of this need marks the beginning of the preparation activity. This activity begins with the development of executive consensus on the importance of reengineering and the link between advance business goals and reengineering projects. A cross-functional team is established with a game plan for the process of reengineering. While forming the cross-functional team, steps should be taken to ensure that the organization continues to function in the absence of several key players. Another important factor to be considered while establishing the strategic goals for the reengineering effort is to make it your first priority to understand the expectations of your customers and where your existing process falls short of meeting those requirements. Create or study the existing vision of the enterprise as a well-defined vision will sustain a companys resolve through the stress of the reengineering process. 4.7.2 Activity #2: Map and Analyze As-Is Process Before the reengineering team can proceed to redesign the process, they should understand the existing process. While some organizations which are in dire straits might go the other way, attempt a new process design while totally ignoring the existing processes, most organizations need to map the existing processes it helps to analyze and improve on it to design new processes. The important feature of BPR is that the improvement should provide dramatic results. Many people do not understand the value of an As-is analysis and rather prefer to spend a larger chunk of their valuable time on designing the To-Be model directly. The main objective of this phase is to identify bottle necks (anything that prevents the process from achieving desired results and in particular information transfer between organizations or people) and value adding processes. Creation and documentation of Activity and Process models initiates it. Then, the amount of time that each activity takes and the cost that each activity requires in terms of resources is calculated through simulation and activity based costing (ABC). All the footing required having been completed; the processes that need to be reengineered are identified. 4.7.3 Activity #3: Design To-Be process The objective of this phase is to produce one or more alternatives to the current situation, which satisfy the strategic goals of the enterprise. Benchmarking is the initial step in this phase. Benchmarking is the comparing of both the performance of the organizations processes and the way those processes is conducted with those relevant peer organizations to obtain ideas for improvement. Other organizations need not be competitors or even from the same industry. Innovative and effective methods should be appreciated regardless of the source. Having identified the potential improvements to the existing processes, the development of the To-Be models is done using the various modeling methods available, bearing in mind the principles of process design. Then, similar to the As-Is model, simulations are performed and ABC to analyze factors like the time and cost involved. This activity is an iterative process and it takes a lot of patience and time. 4.7.4 Activity #4: Implement Reengineered Process The implementation stage is where reengineering efforts meet the most confrontation and hence it is by far the most difficult one. If we expect that the environment would be conducive to the reengineering effort we are sadly mistaken. The question that confronts us would be, If BPR promises such breath taking results then why wasnt it adopted much earlier? When so much time and effort is spent on analyzing the current processes, redesigning them and planning the migration, it would indeed be practical to run a culture change program simultaneously with all the planning and preparation. This plan must support the organizational structure, information systems, and the business policies and procedures with the redesigned processes. The IDEF models that were created in the As-Is can be mapped to those created during the To-Be and an initial list of change requirements generated. Additional requirements for the construction of the To-Be components can be added and the result organized int o a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). Recent developments in BPR software technologies enable automatic migration of these WBS activity/relationships into a process modeling environment. Using prototyping and simulation techniques, the transition plan is validated and its pilot versions are designed and demonstrated. 4.7.5 Activity #5: Improve Process Continuously A process cannot be reengineered overnight. A very vital part in the success of every reengineering effort lies in improving the reengineered process continuously. Monitoring, first and important step here. Two things have to be monitored the progress of action and the results. The progress of action is measured by seeing how much more informed the people feel, how much more commitment the management shows and how well the change teams are accepted in the broader perspective of the organization. This can be achieved by conducting attitude surveys and discrete fireside chats with those initially not directly involved with the change. As for monitoring the results, the monitoring should include such measures as employee attitudes, customer expectations, supplier responsiveness etc. Communication is strengthened throughout the organization, ongoing measurement is initiated, team reviewing of performance against clearly defined targets is done and a feedback loop is set up wherein the p rocess is reviewed and redesigned. Thus continuous improvement of performance is ensured through a performance tracking system and application of problem solving skills. Continuous improvement (TQM) and BPR have always been considered mutually exclusive to each other. But on the contrary, if performed simultaneously they would complement each other wonderfully well. In fact TQM can be used as a tool to handle the various problems encountered during the BPR effort and to continuously improve the process. 5.Discussion This is my 2nd report another report was made before on the same topic but due to not handling the references correctly it got the complaint of plagiarism; I went to discuss this thing with my instructor and my course coordinator and finally made this 2nd one. To write this kind of report one must study the literature related to the topic and then if we use the chunk of that literature or discuss any idea from it the references must be taken care in a systematic way otherwise it can create a problem. A zealous customer focus, superior process design and a strong and motivated leadership are vital ingredients to the recipe for the success of any business corporation. It is the key that every organization should acquire to accomplish these prerequisites to success. It advocates demanding hard work and activates the people involved to not only to change what they do but targets at altering their basic way of thinking itself. And on the other hand the new process is more or like same to the BPR but in new modeling there is no previous or existing process to be considered and in modeling the more focus is on the model if the model is understandable attainable then further its implementation and business can be created accordingly. 6. Conclusion So by defining both of the aspects the question again lingers that what is the difference in between and according to the all study and research and by looking at the real life case studies, I came to a point to say that it all depends on the situation the enterprise is going through or the nature of the organization. As the HP company reduced their assembly time by doing the reengineering, but the main thing was the company spent countless hours and a lot of money first to come on the point and take the decision that the company will do the reengineering and then by doing intense process flow analysis and by studying the work break down structures the enterprise took the decision which type of reengineering technique should be used. The bottom-line is it always depends on the companys nature, the business situation it is going through. The enterprise managements experience how they take a situation and how right they do the studies rather homework necessary to take the right decision. As we look the technical aspect of both process reengineering and creating a new process; both of the sides needs sound management and technical expertise and yes the enough funds to go through them. In reengineering we have to mold the existing processes but creating a new process is to come up with a total new idea which will be the part of main process stream of the enterprise. But I think its a long debate sometimes the reengineering is more difficult then to create a new process because if one process is reengineered the enterprise has to do other alters as well to align the reengineered side with the whole stream and this may cost more than the company expects. Its true that reengineering proved to be a success all-over the world among every industry service or production. But many companies could not make it with it. New process is sometimes necessary like it is necessary if there is a total new range of product line, technology change etc. then a thorough study to fix the new process in the existing process stream. 7. Recommendations Business process reengineering is an effective tool for management practitioners. It helps in business improvement and further enhances business process efficiency. Continuous improvement process includes the process reengineering and encompasses all the parameters with in the process re designing and reengineering. This method can give huge returns. This method began as a private sector technique to help organizations fundamentally rethink how they do their work in order to dramatically improve customer service, cut operational costs, and become world-class competitors. References Feldmann Clarence.G, (1998),The Practical Guide to Business Process Reengineering using IDEF0., Dorset House Publishing, New York. Modelling and analysis of business process reengineering 2002, vol. 40, no. 11, 2521 ±2546 GUNASEKARAN and B. KOBU Business Process Reengineering, The Creation and Implementation of a Methodology Brian Fitzgerald and Ciaran Murphy 1996. Bnet.com

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The Matrix: A Philosophical Interpretation The movie â€Å"The Matrix† contains a very diverse philosophical structure and has many philosophical points, first discussed by philosophers like Plato and Descartes, throughout the movie. Some of these points consist of skepticism of reality, which relates heavily to Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave†. The movie also addresses the mind-body problem by showing that the â€Å"Matrix† is only taking place in the mind/computer program and the body is actually in a pod not experiencing anything. The mind-body discussion ties into a point covered throughout the movie about not trusting your senses. Plato and Descartes address this in some of their works and they overcome this issue by proving certainty through scientific or mathematical reasoning. While the movie most likely gained so much attention for its action packed scenes and science fiction plot, there is a lot you can gain on a philosophical level by watching the film. What philosophical issues of skepticism are depicted in the movie? The biggest philosophical issue of skepticism depicted in the Matrix can be broken down to two questions. What is real and can/how do we know what is real? These questions come from a metaphysics and epistemology focus for the duration of the film. Throughout the movie the leading actor NEO, Keanu Reaves, struggles with these questions and to decide is the world around him or his senses real. These questions make skepticism the basic philosophical theme of the Matrix. In a philosophical sense, skepticism questions the nature of reality and whether we can ever actually know anything at all or determine for a fact what is reality. This theme is played out in the conflict between the reality where humans a... ...d how do we know what is real, from the viewer. This keeps the actors and the viewer as skeptics throughout the movie. The mind-body problem, which concludes mind/soul and brain are one in the same. In addition, that the brain does direct the body, but the senses can deceive both. The Matrix also shows similarities between the Matrix and works from Plato and Descartes. They include Plato’s Allegory of the Cave or shadows of reality and Descartes Meditation where he talks of illusions. These both compare to the Matrix because of the â€Å"illusion† that most of the world lives in, called the Matrix. In this Matrix there are also â€Å"shadows†, or glitches in the Matrix, of reality that sometimes present themselves. These issues and similarities show there is a lot you can gain on a philosophical level by watching the film, while still enjoying an action packed film.

Insect Repellent and Investigatory Project Essay

We make this Project to be used as a Natural Insect Repellant. Aside from it is homemade, its ingredients can only be found in your background. It is not bad for the environment, it is not also bad for your skin if you use into it. For Lemongrass is a plant. Aside from the leaves and the oil are used to make medicine and some people apply lemongrass and its essential oil directly to the skin for headache, stomachache, abdominal pain, and muscle pain. By inhalation, the essential oil of lemongrass is used as aromatherapy for muscle pain. In food and beverages, lemongrass is used as a flavoring. It is also good ingredient in an insect repellant. Lemongrass leaves are also commonly used as â€Å"lemon† flavoring in herbal teas. In manufacturing, lemongrass is used as a fragrance in soaps and cosmetics. Lemongrass is also used in making vitamin A and natural citral. Lemongrass might help prevent the growth of some bacteria and yeast. Lemongrass also contains substances that are thought to relieve pain, reduce fever, stimulate the uterus and  menstrual flow, and have antioxidant properties. Garlic they help control bacterial, viral, fungal, yeast and worm infections. The chemical ajoene found in garlic may help treat fungal skin infections like ringworm and athlete’s foot. Angiotensin II is a protein that helps our blood vessels contract thereby increasing the blood pressure. Allicin in garlic blocks the activity of angiotensin II and helps in reducing blood pressure and such, it is also one of the best ingredients in an insect repellant for it smells strong and bitter that insects will avoid. Garlic is one of the best remedy in toothache, and aside from that it is also the best ingredient in an effective insect repellant. And alcohol can also be an ingredient of an insect repellant. If this four ingredients is combined, sure, they’ll gonna be a good product. A.)Background of the Study As an effective repellant, not only insects will avoid that object, its ingredients are all natural. You can only find it in your backyard. We are not only teaching them how to make an effective repellant, but we are also teaching them to be thrifty, save money and use the natural ingredients in the surroundings. There is a need to avoid the attacks of the destructive insects. B.)Statement of the Problems/Objectives An insect repellant is a solution to the attacks of the insects. Branded repellant has a strong chemical that might affect a person or a thing. There are many plants that can be used as a repellant which is safer. This study aims to answer the following questions: ïÆ'ËœIs that repellant really effective? ïÆ'ËœIs that repellant really natural? ïÆ'ËœIs that repellant cannot harm a person? ïÆ'ËœIs that repellant safe for the environment? C.)Significance of the Study The importance of this repellant is it makes the ant avoid such thing. The

Hypothetical Research Proposal Social Psychology Essay

Understanding media in today’s world is more than intellectual exercise, it is essential survival skill in a world that has been absolutely changed by mass communication. Hundreds of studies have shown that viewing violence in the media can influence destructive behavior. This paper will review research involving the relationship between the media and violence. Since, women’s issue to violence embodies many areas of social life and is very much rampant and relevant in our society today; violence to women will be used for the representation for this paper. After taken into account, the finding will show that the rising of media and the violence among women in the society has strong significant effect. Introduction In 2003, Allan Menzies stabbed his best friend, drank his blood and ate part of his skull. Utterly this murder was different from the many horrible murders that are committed. Menzies claimed that the character, Akasha, from the vampire film Queen of the Damned had told him to kill his friend as a way of gaining immortality. Menzies was possessed with the film and had viewed it over 100 times before â€Å"acting on the orders† of the vampire queen (Robertson 2003). The case of Menzies certainly demonstrates the intimate relationship between media and violence. However, violence news is often selective and distorted, giving an inaccurate picture of violence in society. This observation has led Warr (2000:482) to argue that â€Å"violence rests on highly uncertain information about risk† In fact, Fields and Jerin (1999) carried out a comparative analysis of violence coverage in newspapers in fourteen different countries. In the US, they found evidence of misinterpretation, overrepresentation of violent, heavy reliance on â€Å"official† sources, false image of police effectiveness, uniform crime coverage, lack of educational value, racial prejudice and/or stereotyping, and little coverage of corrections. This is a significant finding as the majority of citizens only have symbolic rather than experiential knowledge about violence. Consequently, when the media are the primary knowledge distributors about violence, distortions such as these are readily available to construct public perceptions. And because the consequences of violence can be severe, these perceptions can lead to an increased concern about violence victimization. This â€Å"resonance† hypothesis argues that the media â€Å"cultivate† a threatening view of the world, which compounds preexisting violence (Bagdikian, 2000). Literature Review This literature review will introduce the theoretical perspectives that will guide this study in understanding the construction of a gendered crime â€Å"reality†. The key concepts of social constructioinism and feminist criminology will be explained and will be illustrated in relation to fear of crime. The connection between the media and fear of crime will be explain with an emphasis on the distortion of knowledge, audience effects, and media content and claims. Further, the effects of political economy on discursive transformations in the presentations of crimes will be address. Impact of the Media The media has the potential for far greater impact than interpersonal communication, if only because of the larger audience and the professional nature of the messages. The impact might be seen in audience pleasure or buying behavior or it might be seen in an unintentional effect such as young child’s imitating the violent behavior seen in a favorite T. V. show or video game (Rodman, 2006). This impact becomes the part of the feedback sent to the source, perhaps as news reports about studies into effects of media. Social Theory, Media, and Violence The relationship between violence and the media is complex. For example, Barak, (1994) finds that although the press does not present a consistently biased impression of media and violence through their process of selection, he discovers little evidence to suggest that this is very influential on public perceptions of, and opinions about, these phenomena. On the other hand, Sheley (1995) argues that the media responds to and stimulates violence and are probably the single greatest influence on public attitudes about the topic. However, both social constructionists and radical feminist criminologists see the mass media as particularly relevant when studying violence, as the meaning and significance attached to a violent event during its commission can be transformed entirely once it is communicated into society. As Stanko (1992:14) notes: The full social and personal consequences of violence can never be deduced from the simple enumeration of risks. Like other human experiences they necessarily involve representation, communication and attribution of significance and it is for this reason that the understanding of the character and uses of mass media may be able not simply to help explain the distribution of expressed fears but also to illuminate their nature and implications. The significance of this violence as it relates to culture needs to be taken into consideration in order to understand the transformations commonly found in media narratives over time. In addition, a â€Å"lack of sensitivity to media-generated reality-constructing processes has serious real-world implications† (Surette, 1998:271). Heavy violence coverage in the media can not only increase public fear, it can also direct much public discourse on the violent issue which leads to stereotypical views of violence, shapes certain violent as social problems, and limits violence control options (Barak, 1998:44). Working within the social constructionist paradigm, I argue that effect of violence is a social process rather than a social fact: reactions to violence are subjective and dynamic. Not only are these reactions based on the actions of certain social groups who have the power to set forth their own interests over others, and who employ â€Å"experts† to offer professional credibility to support their claims, but they are also based on dominant cultural ideologies. In turn, the media disseminates these â€Å"truth† claims as they see fit, creating a â€Å"conceptual reality† for public consumption. I consider this constructed reality and its relation to violence exploding: Who are constructed as deviant â€Å"outsiders? † What claims and claims-makers are central to the discourse? What preferred rules does the media maintain? Who is given the most voice to speak authoritatively? In the hierarchy of violence, what is the â€Å"master of offence? † Do the violent messages discuss possible solutions to violence? Are the violent messages sensationalistic? Are random violence reported the most often? Research Question and Aim of this Research This proposal will examine how the media constructs fear of crime for women, and explains why. It will employ both content and textual analyses to evaluate media representations of crime and their role in facilitating images of fear and safety. Moreover, I will utilize feminist criminology and social constructionism to allow an evaluation of claims-making activities and gendered crime myths. Ultimately, the aim of this research is to examine how the media are constructed as sites of fear for women. To accomplish this, I would like to answer the following questions: 1. Do crime messages signify fear of crime? 2. How do the media define fear and reveal its meaning to audience members? Is this â€Å"reality† contested over time, and if so, why? Hypotheses: The meaning associated with women’s danger and safety in news narratives are socially constructed through claims, sources, content and culture, making the â€Å"social reality of crime† a human accomplishment. Method Design I will analyze an issue of a three popular women’s magazines as my primary data for violent messages since it embodies many areas of social life, making it culturally significant. Moreover, magazines give a less fragmented picture of the total violence phenomenon than say newspapers, and their documentary style gives a more elaborate perspective than the information oriented style of newspapers. The analysis will be done through content analysis. Data Collection Procedure Magazines represented a variety of violence narratives as â€Å"newsworthy. † That is, these magazines found violence to be interesting or exciting enough to attract and inform consumers, and therefore violence narratives were considered important elements when producing the news. Among the violent messages such as; sexual brutality received almost one-half (50%) of the coverage. This included; rape, sexual assault, and sexual harassment/discrimination. The reporters often evinced the personal accounts of those who were victims. This added an emotional dimension to the narratives; bringing to the reader an â€Å"eyewitness† account, rather than an â€Å"objective† report of the facts. Child abuse, which included physical and emotional abuse, followed closely in frequency (25 %), while domestic violence (8%) and murder (7%) remained minor but persistent narratives. Magazines reporters also wrote about criminal justice issues such as the death penalty and victimology (3. 5%). Violent such as burglary (3. 0%), juvenile delinquency (2. 0%), and illicit drug use (1. 5%) were infrequently in the news stories, and other crimes, such as fraud and kidnapping, were not mentioned in all three magazines. News, Sources, and the Production of Meaning Various sources of knowledge about violent, law and violence justice were represented in the news making process to create meaning. There were five types of sources used by reporters to construct violence narratives. First, government sources were cited in 60 percent of the violence articles. Representatives of the violence justice system, such as police, lawyers, judges, and correctional officials, were used as sources in nearly one-third (33%) of all violence articles. Less frequently, other government agencies, such as social workers and child welfare/ protection services were offered as knowledge sources by reporters (5%). As well, politicians, or elected officials, were occasionally used to supply knowledge (2%). Gender and Violence Narratives Media violence depictions were consistently gendered and women’s fear of violence was constantly constructed and reconstructed. â€Å"Intimate danger† was portrayed in 62. 6 % of the violence messages; â€Å"stranger danger† was highlighted in only 23. 2 percent of the news stories and 14. 2 percent of the narratives did not mention danger in all. In all time frames, intimate danger was more commonly constructed than was stranger danger. Intimate danger was present in over half of all articles. Overwhelmingly, familiar dangers were most newsworthy. Sex was ultimately connected to danger in the media discourses with over half (60%) of all violence messages signifying it. Over different time frames, sexual danger was present in 62. 5 % of all articles. A discourse of sexual inequality in an issue of the three different popular women’s magazines also contributed to the gendered nature of violence. One-fourth, (25%) of all crime articles connected sexual inequality to violence. This suggests that women’s fear of violence was linked to their subordinate status, and can best be understood in the context of broader social inequalities. In sum, the media instructed women to be most fearful people they knew in their own home, to fear violence of sexual nature and foremost, and to fear for themselves, but also for others. Violence and Media Coverage The crime reports in an issue of the three popular women’s magazines consistently supplied readers with the resources needed to understand and comprehend violence, particularly on a social and environmental level. By explaining the source and foundations for violence, journalists did not leave readers asking â€Å"why. † And by demonstrating how to cope with violence, audience members were given solutions that could ultimately be used to exert some control over their own lives. As a result, the news narratives presented violence as both avoidable and manageable. Further, violence accounts were presented in a manner that kept the audience informed about violent and violence justice issues without relying on dramatic flair. In sum, violence and violent justice was framed, in form and content, around an ideology of violence against women, this constructed a gendered nature of fear. This required sourcing the news in a specific manner in order to produce journalists` preferred meaning. For the most part, a central objective for journalists was to inform the audience about the broader social forces that influenced violence as it related to women: the violent event was a means to educate the reader about the foundation of crime and its prevention. Data Analysis and Expected Results In the production of news, news coverage was shaped according to the journalists` particular conceptions of violence. Extensive and various sources merged to define violent danger, establishing a version of the social reality of violent that differed considerably from other mediums of knowledge. For example, a sense of societal responsibility to end violence against women often guided the newsmaking process, unlike the majority of mainstream newspaper and television violent reports that individualized the predator criminal (Surette, 2004). The violence accounts in an issue of the three popular women’s magazines had a definite feminist agenda: to acknowledge the obstacles and inequality inherent within law and violence justice practices, and to support social and legal resolutions that eliminated male violence against women. By providing violence coverage from an experiential standpoint, and exposing myths commonly associated with women’s violence, journalists helped to reconstruct alternative violence news. In sum, two distinct patterns of news reporting will be observed throughout this research. Both patterns communicated violence and violence justice according to the journalists` â€Å"sense† of the issues: their preferred meanings, constructed through particular discursive arrangements, helped to construct different versions of the â€Å"reality† of violent risk. The dominant reporting style of the news in an issue of three popular women’s magazines promoted a feminist critique of women’s fear of violence based on women’s own experiences that downplayed indicators of fear and encouraged an informed understanding of the violence phenomenon. Rather than constructing random men as the source of danger, the â€Å"true† offenders will be reported to be sexism, ineffective laws, and a violence justice system that supported male violence against women. However, a minor and subordinate pattern of news reporting emerged that â€Å"mystified† the issue of violence and prohibited the consideration of contexts or alternatives. These constructions in the news coverage eventually reflected information and interpretations that supported official sources, changing the underlying ideology of social reform to self-responsibilization for violence. Conclusion In summary, by pursuing these research directions a greater understanding of the complex issues surrounding violence in the media will be advanced. Further knowledge about readers, news workers and policy makers will explicate the effects of gender, news production processes, and political influence on media images. Such multifaceted analyses serve to extend the understanding of media violence as a social construct. References Bagdikian, B. (2000). The media monopoly, 6th ed. Boston: Beacon Press. Barak, G. (1998). Newsmaking criminology: Reflections on the media, intellectuals, and crime. Justice Quarterly 5: 565-87. Barak, G. (1994). Media, process, and the social construction of crime. New York: Garlan