The yellow wallpaper Persuasive Essay Example For Students

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Gender Equality Argument Professor Ramos Blog

Gender Equality Argument Angela Bernier English 101 29 June, 2019   Ruth Bader Ginsburg is a legend in women history and even has a movie made after her. She was the second women to ever serve in the Supreme Court and she was very deserving of it. Ruth had a full scholarship to Cornell University and in the movie â€Å"On the Basis of Sex† she is one of the top students. Even after graduating it was hard for Ruth to find a job as a lawyer because of her gender. Eventually she settled for a job as a professor and started to become more involved with gender equality. Ruth even became the founding counsel of ACLU’s womens rights project. After her struggle of personally dealing with gender discrimination, she stood up for herself and was not afraid to fight for what is right and has helped women have a voice. In Ruths closing argument for a case she is working on in the movie, â€Å"On the Basis of Sex† she gives a moving speech talking about why gender equality is important and how it will not ruin the system but improve it. â€Å"We are not asking you to change the country. That has already happened without any courts permission. We are asking you to protect the right of the country to change,† (On the Basis of Sex). This quote stands out because it is talking about how this country is unenviably changing and how the court is trying to keep everything in â€Å"order† by making laws that seem fair but are really actually biased. Ruth is trying convince the judges that change is not a bad thing and people should not be afraid of it. â€Å"Our sons and daughters are barred by law from opportunities based on assumptions about their abilities. We must take these laws on, one by one, for as long as it takes, for their sake,† (On the Basis of Sex). Ruth is referring to a tax law, Section 214, that was biased about gender roles and was her first step into changing the system. Ruth wanted to change to happen and decided to take a slower approach by fighting for one law at a time. If she can convince the court to make a small change then it would open doors for more people to fight and be hopeful of future change. Ruth talks about how the laws are made by assuming each genders ability which is not fair to men or women. A woman should be able to go out and find a job just as easily as a man if she has the same qualifications. Ruth and her husband both graduated with the same degrees yet Ruth was not able to find her dream job as a lawyer while her husband became a successful lawyer. Ruth wanted to fight for future women and men by getting rid of made up gender roles. â€Å"You are being urged to protect the culture and traditions, and morality of an America that no longer exist,† (On the Basis of Sex). This statement is very powerful because she is pointing out how the court and the people in the court are avoiding the changes already happening in America. No matter what the court is trying to keep in place more people are started to realize what is wrong with the laws. Ruth mentions how in law school there were not even bathrooms for women, she then brings up how things have already changed over the years and women are becoming more relevant in these types of environments. â€Å"A generation ago, my students would have been arrested for indecency for wearing the clothes that they do. Sixty-five years ago, it would have been unimaginable that my daughter would aspire to a career. And a hundred years ago, I would not have the right to stand before you. There are a hundred and seventy-eight laws that differentiate on the basis of sex. Count them. The government did the favor of compiling them for you. And while you’re at it, I urge you to read them. They’re obstacles to our children’s aspirations,† (On the Basis of Sex). Ruth is stating that America is changing no matter what and the laws are making it a disadvantage for people to be what they want.By stating all the changes that have already happened, the judges can see that no matter what laws are in place the country will change and evolve and women are becoming more outspoken. In the movie, Ruth has daughter who is motivates her to fight even harder not only for her own rights but for her daughters future. She wants her daughter to grow up in a world where she is not judged by her gender or put at a disadvantage. â€Å"These are laws written by men who think we are privileged to be excused from men’s obligations. But it is not a privilege, it is a cage, and these laws are the bars!† (On the Basis of Sex).   Ruth is describing these laws as a cage because women feel trapped and forced to live a certain life style.   It is not every womens dream to stay at home, cook, clean and raise kids.   Women now want to go out and get an education and have a voice in the world the same as men.   Men back then thought it was a privilege for women to stay home all day and not be out working, when in reality not all little girls dream of becoming a house wife when they grow up.   Women  now have a chance at a career and have opportunities never imagined by previous generations.   Ruth is a woman to admire because she stood up for what is right and took a chance for women everywhere.   I chose her closing argument from the movie because it was a strong statement that was said to male judges.   She put her fear aside and did fought for something she believed in.   I think every  women  should look up to her and feel ashamed for our gender but stand up for it and keep fighting for our rights. Aaron M. Houck,Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Encyclopaedia Britannica,Encyclopaedia Britannica,inc. Ed Hightower,  On the Basis of Sex  and  Ruth Bader Ginsburg: The manufacturing of a â€Å"living legend†,  Published by the International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI).   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0cmKDpRrSKA  

Ch. 15 From the earliest art to the Bronze age Essay - 1

Ch. 15 From the earliest art to the Bronze age - Essay Example The Peliolithic era coincided with Stone Age just before man starting herding and practicing agriculture. Other art forms that were evident in the early Neolithic era were pottery and the construction of megalith and sculpture (Emeritus, Preble and Frank 240-245). In addition, the chapter focuses on Venus of Willendorf, which has also been referred to as the Woman of willendorf. Made between 25,000 and 28,000 BCE, the Woman of Willendorf is the earliest female figure made by humans and was estimated to be about 11.1 centimeter high. The statuette was found by workman Johann Veran in 1908, during an excavation that was conducted by several archaeologists, including Hugo Orbermaier. The statuette was found in Paleolitihic site which was within the vicinity of Willendorf, a small village that was located in Austria. The chapter reveals that the Woman of Willendorf statuette was curved from oolistic limestone which, the archaeologist discovered that it was not from the local area. The statuette also had red orchre tints on its surface. The Woman of Willendorf was seen as a Great Woman Goddess and, the statuette was used by the local people for religious purposes (Emeritus, Preble and Frank 245-246). The art displayed in the Iranian western plateau was temples of massive structures which were constructed in the valley of Mesopotamia. These structures took after the shape of terraced-step pyramids; each of the terraces represented a level that carried stories of the people residing near the plateaus. In fact, the terraces represented the hierarchy on gods at different platforms, and they were erected at the centre of each city, state, taking the shape of the rectangle. It is believed that Ziggurats had a possible inspiration in the construction of the biblical story. The Ziggurats embodied the idea of the â€Å"sacred mountains† that acted as a connection between the heaven and

Written statement about educational psychology (Human Development) Personal

Written about educational psychology (Human Development) - Personal Statement Example My interest in human psychology and educational background make me a suitable candidate to get admission in the University of Colorado’s master degree program. I believe that a master degree in this field will definitely help me achieve my personal and professional goals. One main reason for applying in this program is related to my professional life. I want to establish my career in the field of educational psychology, and that is only possible if I get an opportunity to get a master degree from a prestigious university. University of Colorado is known for its highly qualified faculty not only in field of educational psychology (human development) but also in all other courses being offered by the university. It is due to the well-experienced faculty of the University of Colorado, that I have taken my decision to do masters from this great university. I want to complete my education under the guidance of well-experienced faculty of the University of Colorado, as it will help me become a professional in the field of educational psychology. After completing my education, I want to use my knowledge and skills to ensure proper child development, to bring productive changes in the lives of children, and to make children come out of educational stress. I want to be skilled in using educational and psychological assessment techniques to help children who face difficulties in learning and social adjustment. I believe that a country can progress only if its citizens get high quality education from the top universities of the world. I have collected facts about the universities, which offer Master in Education Psychology (Human Development) program and after analyzing all facts and issues, I have made up my mind to pursue the master degree from the University of Colorado because it provides highest quality education in all fields of study. I believe that the

International Production and Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

International Production and Trade - Essay Example As a result of this shift, the United States and much of Western Europe aligned itself with a free market capitalist system whereas the Soviet Union and many parts of the remainder of the world aligned themselves with socialist communism. As a result of this bipolar powershift, the capitalist nations throughout the world realize that one of the only ways to ensure that wealth generation and sustained growth could proliferate was by engaging in a system of capitalism that prized reductions in trade barriers and liberalize nations in trade. The authors further specify the fact that this desire to reduce trade barriers and liberalize trade was ultimately the impetus which helps to give rise to such global entities as GATT, WTO, and the World Bank. Yet rather than each and every nation throughout the world integrating their economies and seeking to provide goods and services with little to no trade barriers, a somewhat different dynamic has been realized. As such, the difference between theory and practice is denoted by the authors with respect to the way in which different trade blocs and trade alliances have developed between the regions and entities throughout the globe. As such, whereas the world might have been previously defined based upon religion and/or ideology, nationality, ethnicity, or any other litany of different qualifiers, the modern world has largely been defined with regards to which nations agreed to a level of unimpeded trade. What this has ultimately affected is a situation through which the world has come to be redefined based upon trade and not based upon many of the other qualifications that had previously constrained and defined the way in which nations have interacted historically. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, this particular trend has only been increasing as more and more nations throughout the globe seek to develop their own trade blocs and alliances in something of a macro form of protectionism. Evidence of this can of course be seen with regards to the way in which the EU, NAFTA, and ASEAN treaties now exists which helped to promote trans regional trade and block the advances of true international liberalism that might otherwise helped to differentiate and grow these respective economies. As a result of this particular approach, the authors discuss the way in which this dynamic shift has encouraged specialization with regards to different industries and regions/economies. Moreover, as well has been generated and regions of the world have come to supply the raw material for finished goods and services in other parts of the world, the authors note the fact that many individuals view this as something of a neo-mercantilist system. Although this is not quite the case, the comparisons are nonetheless existence and should not be dismissed out of hand. As the more wealthy nations, represented by powerful trade alliances and blocs are able to outsource their unskilled labor and raw material extraction to poore r nations, the benefits of these inputs are realized on both entities. Whereas the neo-mercantilist would point to the fact that these nations are being taken advantage

Performance Of Wells Turbine Engineering Essay

Performance Of Wells Turbine Engineering Essay ABSTRACT A Wells turbine has inherent disadvantages in comparison with conventional turbines: relative low efficiency and poor starting characteristics. In this case, the performance of wells turbine is studied on computational analysis by changing aerofoils and providing different angle of incidence for the improvement of the turbines performance. Study is based on analysing the flow of air on turbine using computational analysis at steady condition. 1 INTRODUCTION: The Ozone depletion and global warming have altered the international community and urged the need for more focus on alternative green sources of energy. Ocean wave energy is one of the renewable forms of energy which can be utilized in response to the disturbing prospect of an exhaustible source of energy. Several wave energy devices being studied under many wave energy programs make use of the principle of the oscillating water column (OWC).Potentially; the most successful device used in harnessing on wave energy has been the OWC wave energy converter. The OWC chamber, either floating or bottom standing, with the immersed end opened to the action of the sea. A reciprocating airflow is created by the action of the free surface of the water within the chamber. The conversion of this airflow into mechanical energy may be achieved by a number of devices like:- A. TAPCHAN: The TAPCHAN comprises a gradually narrowing channel with wall heights typically 3 to 5 m above mean water level. The waves enter the wide end of the channel and, as they propagate down the narrowing channel, the wave height is amplified until the wave crests spill over the walls to a reservoir which provides a stable water supply to a conventional low head turbine. The requirements of low tidal range and suitable shoreline limit the world-wide installation of this device. Fig (a) TAPERED CHANNEL[1] (TAPCHAN)http://re.emsd.gov.hk/english/other/marine/images/marine_tech_010_2.gif B. PENDULOR: The PENDULOR device consists of a rectangular box, which is open to the sea at one end. A pendulum flap is hinged over this opening, so that the action of the waves causes it to swing back and forth. This motion is then used to power a hydraulic pump and generator.http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ7yge9ouptnhszDgsXGA_gCvAXKqbo78BeXZHFFtPB89433p0p Fig (b) PEDULOR [2] C. WELLS TURBINE: The Wells turbine is one of the most suitable air turbines for energy conversion from oscillating air flow. . A schematic view of the OWC device with a Wells turbine is shown in Fig. c. The Wells turbine is an axial flow air turbine. It consists of several symmetrical aerofoil blades set around a hub. As waves Impinge on the device, they cause the water column to rise and fall in the air chamber, which alternately compresses and depressurized the trapped air. This air is allowed to flow to and from the atmosphere through a turbine which drives an electric generator.http://www.aussiestockforums.com/forums/attachment.php?attachmentid=9213stc=1d=1180172232 Fig (c) WELLS TURBINE[3] Fig. 1.1: Schematic of the Three Major shoreline Devices The Wells turbine is a self-rectifying air turbine which is expected to be widely used in wave energy devices with the OWC (Raghunathan, 1995) .It can extract power at low airflow rate, when other turbines would be inefficient. The Wells turbines for wave power conversion have less efficiency. To increase the efficiency is the major quest all over the world, the flow of air through the wells turbine impeller is carried out in this project by using different size impeller and introducing biplane i.e. two rows of symmetrical aerofoil blades. 1.1 WAVE RESOURCEShttp://www.oceanenergy.ie/images/world-map.jpg Fig. 1.2: Global Distribution of Deep Water Wave power levels in kW/m crest length[4] Despite the climate change phenomena, the world resource for wave remains very much as shown in fig. 1.2 by Dr Tom Thorpe [5]. The highest energy waves are concentrated off the western coasts in the 40o-60o latitude range north and south. The power in the wave fronts varies in these areas between 30 and 70kW/m with peaks to 100kW/m in the Atlantic SW of Ireland, the Southern Ocean and off Cape Horn. The capability to supply electricity from this resource is such that, if harnessed appropriately, 10% of the current level of world supply could be provided [4] PERIOD AMPLITUDE POWER DENSITY VELOCITY (m/s) WAVELENGTH (sec) (m) (kW/m) (m) Storm 14 14 1700 23 320 Average 9 3.5 60 15 150 Calm 5.5 0.5 1 9 50 Fig: 1.3 Tthe nautral and technical wave energy resource for the north and west side of the UK[6] The techinical resource is dependent on the nautral conditions like the shape of the rock and location i.e beaches and gullies. The wave energy at calm sea is considered in this project. 1.2 WELLS TURBINE The monoplane Wells turbine i.e. the basic Wells turbine consists of several symmetrical aerofoil blades (NACA four digit series) set around a hub at 90 degrees with respect to the airflow. Since its an invention by Prof. A.A. Wells in 1976, most researchers have focused on improving its efficiency and its range of efficient operation. In fact, compared to other conventional air turbines (e.g. Francis turbine) the Wells turbine has a lower efficiency and a narrow operational region. Nevertheless, it can extract power at low airflow rate, when other turbines would be inefficient. Fig. 1.4: Schematic of the Monoplane Wells Turbine[7] A schematic diagram of a Wells turbine is shown in Fig. 1.4. At first sight the arrangement might seem to be unlikely means of energy conversion. However, once the blades have attained design speed the turbine is capable of producing a time-averaged positive power output from the cyclically reversing airflow with a fairly high efficiency. Wells turbine has low efficiency and poor starting characteristics. The Biplane Wells turbine: Muhammad Mamun in the Study on the Hysteretic Characteristics of the Wells Turbine in a Deep Stall Condition says the pressure drop across a mono-plane Wells turbine above is proportional to the square of the tip speed which has to be limited if transonic effects are to avoided. For wave energy devices which produce significantly larger pressure drops than the limit for a single plane turbine a biplane turbine can be used Fig. 1.5: Schematic of the Biplane Wells [7] It has certain advantages over the conventional monoplane Wells turbine as follows: I. It can operate under high loading. II. It can absorb higher wave power than the monoplane turbine if the diameter and rotational speed of the turbine are kept constant. III. The design speed is lower than that of the monoplane for the same loading. IV. It avoids the use of guide vanes and therefore the turbine would require less maintenance and repairs. [7] 1.3 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION The principle of operation of Wells turbine is based on the classical aerofoil theory. According to the classical aerofoil theory, an aerofoil which is set at an angle of incidence ÃŽÂ ± in a fluid flow generates a lift force L normal to the free stream. The aerofoil also experiences a drag force D in the direction of the free stream (relative velocity). These lift and drag forces can be resolved into tangential (in the plane of rotation) and axial (normal to the plane of rotation) components FT and FA respectively. Fig. 1.6 Notation for determining lift, drag, and axial and tangential forces on An aerofoil[7] Resulting expression for axial and tangential forces FA = LcosÃŽÂ ± + DsinÃŽÂ ± FT = LsinÃŽÂ ± DcosÃŽÂ ± The axial force is absorbed but the turbine while the tangential force causes the turbine to rotate. For a symmetrical airfoil the direction of tangential force is the same for both positive and negative values of ÃŽÂ ±. Therefore, the direction of rotation of the rotor is independent of airflow direction. 2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT Simulation of air flow through wells turbine impeller by means of numerical method using a CFD (Computational fluid dynamics) called FLUENT and check the flow process of different parameters and the factors affecting the differences. Since wells turbine is a low efficiency turbine to increase the efficiency of Wells turbine is the other aim. Path followed to meet the requirements is first calculation of efficiency theoretically. Simulating a modified design by using different angle of incidence and making biplane i.e. two rows. Comparing the results of different model and selecting the suitable design. 3 LITERATURE REVIEW: 3.1 Types of CFD PROCESS USED: Commercial CFD code: FLUENT, Star-CD, FLOW-3D, CFX/AEA, etc. Research CFD code: Self-developed Public domain software (PHI3D, HYDRO, and WinpipeD, etc.) Other CFD software includes the Grid generation software (e.g. Gridgen, Gambit) and flow visualization software (e.g. Tecplot, FieldView) Commercial CFD code FLUENT is used in this project. 3.2 General working on CFD Table3.1: CFD working layout The Processes shown in the table 3.1 is divided into pre- process and post- process viz. GAMBIET AND FLUENT General sequence of GAMBIT operations Initial setup Solver selection, Mesh size, Defaults, etc. Geometry creation (ACIS, IGES or Mesh import) Create full geometry Decompose into mesh-able sections Meshing Local meshing: Edge and Boundary layers Global meshing: Face and/or Volume Mesh examination Zone assignment Continuum and Boundary attachment Mesh export General sequence of FLUENT operations Selection of appropriate models. Turbulence, combustion, multiphase, etc. Define material properties Fluid Solid Mixture Prescribe operating conditions Prescribe boundary conditions at all boundaru zones Provide and initial solution Set up solver controls Set up convergence monitors 3.3 Grid generation: Grid generation is one of the key elements in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFC). It has now become a fairly common tool for use in the numerical solution of partial differential equations on arbitrarily shaped regions. The numerical solution of partial differential equations requires some discretization of the field into a collection of points (nodes) or elemental volumes (cells). The differential equations are approximated by a set of algebraic equations on this collection, and this system of algebraic equations is then solved to produce a set of discrete values which approximates the solution of the partial differential system over the field. The practice of discretizing the physical domain into a finite number of elements is called as grid generation. 3.4 Grid topologies Generally, the governing equations may be transformed into finite element, finite difference, or finite volume equations. The cell types supported by FLUENT are followed as: triangular and quadrilateral cells in 2D are accepted, and in 3D, tetrahedral, hexahedral, wedge, and pyramid cells can be used FIG3.2: Different types of grids Structured versus Unstructured Grids The section presents a brief description of grid generation. The grid generation techniques available at present fall into two categories, namely: a) structured grid generation and b) unstructured grid generation. The structured grid generation techniques are based on the transformation of the complex physical domain into a simple computational domain, which is often chosen to be rectangular in shape (quadrilateral and hexahedron). The unstructured grid generations have been used with FEM (finite element method) procedure only, whereas structured grids have general applicability.[7] . 3.5 Types of structured grid In FLUENT, both single-block and multi-block structured meshes are acceptable, as well as hybrid meshes containing quadrilateral and triangular or hexahedral, tetrahedral, pyramid, and wedge cells Multiple Block Sometimes, it is possible to combine several structured computational meshes together to fit the physical domain. Multi- locking has the advantage of the speed of a structured solver, without as many mapping constraints apparent in single block meshes. Single Block In this technique, one computational grid is mapped to fit the whole physical domain. For even moderately complex shapes, it may be practically impossible to define a transformation which will map the outer surface of the computational domain to the required physical shape, while ensuring that the resulting grid has desirable attributes of smoothness.[7] 3.6 Mesh quality The quality of mesh plays a significant role in the accuracy and stability of the numerical simulations. The attributes associated with mesh quality are density of node, cell shape, smoothness and flow-field dependency. In many cases, poor resolution in critical regions can dramatically alter the flow characteristics. 3.7 The Capabilities of FLUENT This section provides a brief introduction to FLUENT and an explanation of its capabilities [10].FLUENT used in this project is a commercial code and a state-of-the-art computer program for modelling single and multiphase flows, heat and mass transfer, chemical reaction phenomena, and etc. in complex geometries. This code includes following components; FLUENT, the flow solver; GAMBIT, the pre-processor for geometry modelling and mesh generation; pre-PD, and etc. FLUENT solver utilizes a finite-volume, pressure-based, multiphase space marching method (SIMPLE algorithm), for solving the governing integral equations for conservation of mass and momentum, and for energy and other scalars such as turbulence and chemical species. It has the following modelling capabilities: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Flows in 2D or 3D geometries using triangular/tetrahedral, quadrilateral/hexahedral, or mixed (hybrid) grids that include prisms (wedges) or pyramids à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In compressible or compressible flows à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Steady-state or transient analysis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Laminar and turbulent flows à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Newtonian or non-Newtonian flow à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Convective heat transfer, including natural or forced convection à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Coupled conduction/convective heat transfer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Radiation heat transfer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Inertial (stationary) or non-inertial (rotating) reference frame models à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Multiple moving reference frames, including sliding mesh interfaces and mixing planes for rotor/stator interaction modelling à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Chemical species mixing and reaction, including combustion sub models and surface deposition reaction models à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Arbitrary volumetric sources of heat, mass, momentum, turbulence, and chemical species à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Flow through porous media à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ One-dimensional fan/heat-exchanger performance models à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Two-phase flows, including cavitations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Free-surface flows with complex surface shapes FLUENT can provides a number of boundary conditions, including: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Velocity or Pressure Driven Inlets/Outlets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Stationary or Moving Walls, with or without Friction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Periodic Boundary Conditions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Symmetry Boundary Conditions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Pressure Far-filed Boundary Conditions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Outflow Boundary Conditions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Inlet/Outlet Vent Boundary Conditions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Intake/Exhaust Fan Boundary Conditions As the Well turbine has a complex geometry for modelling, a large number of modelling capabilities are required of the CFD code for the turbine. FLUENT can incorporates all of these capabilities, and is most suitable for modelling the Wells turbine.[10] 4 ANALYSIS OF TASK 4.1 Theoretical calculation: The dimension used in this project is of prototype obtained from others experimental work, the model is designed and simulated by using the two different models shown in the table below. a [8] b[9] Table 4.1 Dimension of wells turbine The theoretical calculation of efficiency is done using the above two different dimension, the method used to calculate the efficiency is shown below. CALCULATION FOR EFFICIENCY: Similarly, CALCULATION AT 4 DEGREE ANGLE OF ATTACK: At ÃŽÂ ±= 4 degree The table below shows a calculated efficiency at different angle of attack calculated using the format shown above. ÃŽÂ ±(degree) ÃŽÂ ±(radians) W(relative velocity) à Ã¢â‚¬ °(rads/sec) Re Cl Cd ÃŽÂ · 4.00 0.07 143.36 42.45 1221641.45 0.40 0.01 21.86 5.00 0.09 114.74 42.39 977760.01 0.50 0.01 23.81 6.00 0.10 95.67 42.32 815255.46 0.60 0.01 25.18 7.00 0.12 82.06 42.24 699252.15 0.70 0.01 26.02 8.00 0.14 71.85 42.14 612312.29 0.80 0.01 26.44 9.00 0.16 63.92 42.03 544748.24 0.90 0.01 26.73 10.00 0.17 57.59 41.91 490747.45 1.00 0.01 26.78 11.00 0.19 52.41 41.77 446611.02 1.10 0.01 26.96 12.00 0.21 48.10 41.62 409873.06 1.20 0.02 26.97 13.00 0.23 44.45 41.46 378826.41 1.30 0.02 26.89 14.00 0.24 41.34 41.29 352251.70 1.40 0.02 26.90 15.00 0.26 38.64 41.10 329254.75 1.30 0.02 23.38 Table 4.2 : Efficiency at different angle Using the values of efficiency and the angle of attack from the above table (4.2) a direct relation between efficiency and the angle of attack is obtained which can be seen in the graph below (fig 4.3). Usig a Trendline option in Microsoft Excel an equation of direct relation between angle of attack and efficiency is obtained. The equation shown in the graph is a sixth order equation which is difficult to differentiate to obtained the angle at which the efficiency will be maximum,so a 2nd order equation is obtained from trendline option. Differentiating the equation gives the value of an angle at which the efficiency is max. From this procedure 12 degree is the calculated angle obtained at which the efficiency is max. Fig 4.3: Efficiency Vs. Angle of Attack y = -0.00026 + 0.00785 0.10484 + 0.70883 2.70462 + 6.5617x + 17.369 when x = 12 y = ÃŽÂ · = 25.98 % After substituting the value on angle obtained for maximum efficiency a difference between the two values is found and it is due to the R squared value. More closer the value of R square to unity more accurate results can be obtained. Equations obtained from Microsoft Excel at different orders are shown below:- Order 2 y = -0.12842 + 1.8889x + 20.336 R ² = 0.8797 Order 3 y = -0.00383 0.05482 + 1.4909x + 20.851 R ² = 0.8848 Order 4 y = -0.00524 + 0.13263 1.22762 + 5.2125x + 17.578 R ² = 0.9636 Order 5 y = -0.0015 + 0.02864 0.26813 + 0.86162 + 0.6489x + 20.649 R ² = 0.9869 Order 6 y = -0.00026 + 0.00785 0.10484 + 0.70883 2.70462 + 6.5617x + 17.369 R ² = 0.9945 Similarly using the dimension in table 4.1 (b) the calculated efficiency is show below ÃŽÂ ±(degree) ÃŽÂ ±(radians) W(relative velocity) à Ã¢â‚¬ °(rads/sec) Re Cl Cd ÃŽÂ · 4.00 0.07 143.36 78.24 916231.00 0.40 0.01 53.72 5.00 0.09 114.74 78.13 733319.93 0.50 0.01 58.49 6.00 0.10 95.67 78.00 611441.53 0.60 0.01 61.87 7.00 0.12 82.06 77.85 524439.06 0.70 0.01 63.93 8.00 0.14 71.85 77.67 459234.17 0.80 0.01 64.96 9.00 0.16 63.92 77.47 408561.14 0.90 0.01 65.68 10.00 0.17 57.59 77.24 368060.55 1.00 0.01 65.80 11.00 0.19 52.41 76.99 334958.23 1.10 0.01 66.24 12.00 0.21 48.10 76.72 307404.76 1.20 0.02 66.28 13.00 0.23 44.45 76.42 284119.78 1.30 0.02 66.07 14.00 0.24 41.34 76.10 264188.75 1.40 0.02 66.10 15.00 0.26 38.64 75.76 246941.04 1.30 0.02 57.46 TABLE 4.4: Efficiency at different angles Similarly in this case a graphical representation of Angle of Attack Vs. Efficiency is obtained which can be seen below and the equation represents a direct relation between efficiency and angle of attack. Fig 4.5 : Efficiency Vs. Angle of Attack Order 6 y = -0.00066 + 0.02925 0.62024 + 6.85633 42.0712 + 139.39x 138.43 R ² = 0.9945 when x =12 y = ÃŽÂ · = 64.24% Similarly using the order 2 equation to find the angle at which the efficiency will be maximum. The calculate angle using the same procedure as above is 12 degree at which the efficiency is maximum. . 4.2 Gambiet (Pre Processing):- The figure below shows an impeller of wells turbine designed with blades at 0 degree angle of incidence and using the dimension from the table 4.1 (a). Fig 4.6: Impeller of wells turbine Creating a model using gambiet and then meshing the geometry for which meshing size is selected based on the Reynolds number. Since the Reynolds number lies in the transational flow at the angle in which the efficiency is maximum,using turbulence boundary layer formula: à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¦ =0.00269 The thicknes of boundary layer is 0.003 m. The mesh size comes to be 0.001m to get three elements in one layer to get fine meshing. In case of 3-Dimensional model the mesh elemet used is Tet/Hybrid. Checking the meshing quality the Aspect Ratio lies between 1 to 4. Boundary conditions is given for impeller is moving wall and interfaces is decided so that the fluid can be rotated within this volume. The mesh is exported for post processing in Fluent 4.3 Fluent (Post Processing) Steps used in fluent is as follows: Step 1 Opening the case file Step 2 Defining the grid interfaces Step 3 Grid check Step 4 Defining model as viscous and using K-epsilon (2 equation ) Step 5 Defining boundary condition In boundary condition fluid within the impeller is made to rotate at 40 rads/sec. The impeller is a moving wall rotating relative to cell zone at 0 rads/sec. Inlet velocity is 10 m/sec and the turbulence method selected is intensity and hydraulic cylinder. Step 6 Solution is converged after ilteraion 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results shown below contains pressure contours, velocity vectors and pathlines at different cros-section of the models designed using the dimension from table 4.1 (a). Model with blades at 0 degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from top Model with blades at 0 and 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from top Model with blades at 0 and 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottom Model with blades at 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from top Model with blades at 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottom Biplane models Model with blades at 0 degree angle of incidece and inlet from top Model with blades at 0 degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottom Model with blades at 2(+)and 2(-) degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from top Model with blades at 2(+)and 2(-) degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottom Model with blades at 0 degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from top Model with blades at 0 and 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from top Model with blades at 0 and 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottom Model with blades at 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from top Model with blades at 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottom Biplane models Model with blades at 0 degree angle of incidece and inlet from top Model with blades at 0 degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottom Model with blades at 2(+)and 2(-) degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from top Model with blades at 2(+)and 2(-) degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottom Comparing the above graphical results under a range of 0-400 for comparison except the last two model. The table below shows the value of dynamic pressure (max) in Pascals of above design. From the table it can be seen that the introduction of two rows provides a better result in terms of dynamic pressure. After giving the installatoin angle the maximun dynamic pressure obtained is 1176 pascals by which we can say that the two rows impeller with and an installaition angle is better than the single rows . Assumptions: Various assumptions made to carry out the simulation is as follows: PATHLINES OF PARTICLES ON IMPELLER: AOA 0 INLET FROM TOP AOA 0 AND 2 DEGREE INLET AT TOP AOA 0 AND 2 DEGREE DEGREE INLET AT BOTTOM AOA 2 DEGREE INLET AT TOP AOA 2 DEGREE INLET AT BOTTOM TWO ROWS AOA 0 DEGREE INLET AT TOP AOA 0 DEGREE INLET AT BOTTOM AOA +2 -2 DEGREE INLET AT TOP AOA +2 -2 DEGREE INLET AT BOTTOM The results shown below is of the dimension used from table 4.1 (b). modelling of the wells turbine is divided into two parts theoretical and practical

The Constant

â€Å"The Constant† is an episode from the fourth of six seasons of the critically acclaimed drama series, Lost, which aired on the American Broadcasting Company between September 2004 and May 2010. The initial opening of Lost begins with a plane crash on a deserted island. Throughout the extent of the series, the survivors of the crash are challenged by fear of the unknown island, desperation for food and water, and most importantly, each other.The deserted island in which the series takes place is not Just any island – that is, it is not able to be found by anyone living outside of it – and once the characters are iving there, they essentially have no way out. They are trapped, and can be found by no one. There is a mysterious group of civilians who are called â€Å"The Others† living on the island when Oceanic flight 81 5 crashes.This group of â€Å"Others† is part of the scientific research organization called the â€Å"Dharma Initiative† which has placed several stations at differing locations on the island, a sequence of numbers that seems to appear in lives of characters from the past, present, and future and personal connections among characters of which they are unaware. The main character of focus in the episode â€Å"The Constant† is Desmond Hume, a man who was captured on the island long before Oceanic flight 81 5 crashed.He is residing in the hatch, an underground room that supposedly releases an electromagnetic charge to prevent a large buildup of electromagnetic energy. Desmond is forced by the means of survival to punch numbers into a computer for several years, told that if he refuses to punch the numbers the world as he knows it will come to an end. At one point, Desmond misses the timer on the computer and does not punch in the numbers on time. As a result, a massive electromagnetic field is released, attracting all metal object to the hatch, and consequentially causing Oceanic flight 815 to cr ash on the island.Desmond manages to stop and therefore safely disperse the electromagnetism by punching the code into the computer after it hits zero, but is too late to prevent the plane from crashing. By season four, Desmond has already begun to interact with the survivors on the island. In the previous season, Charlie, another survivor from the Oceanic 81 5 crash, had come into contact with Desmond's old girlfriend Penny, and informs Desmond hat a boat which a woman by the name of Naomi had brought to the island, did not in fact belong to Penny as Naomi had claimed.Charlie then drowns, leaving Desmond with several unanswered questions. Realizing that Naomi's story is false, Desmond gets on a helicopter with Sayid and Frank to fly to the freight. As the helicopter flies through a storm, Desmond begins to have flashbacks of a familiar reality to his past in 1996 before his life on the island. Shifting back and forth between the past and the present forces Desmond to lose all memor y of the island and Sayid, who is accompanying him on the helicopter.Sayid's concern leads him to contact Daniel Faraday, a man on the island from the freighter, in order to receive some kind of answer to what Desmond is experiencing. Daniel explains that what Desmond is experiencing is actually a form of time travel, and explains to Desmond that when he reverts back to 1996 again, he needs to find Daniel at Oxford University and seek out his help. Here, Daniel performs a test on his pet rat, Eloise, and realizes that Desmond is experiencing a shift of consciousness through time travel.Eloise dies within less than two hours due to the stress to her brain. Daniel informs Desmond that in order to stop the time travel, he must find a ‘constant', something that exists in both 1996 and 2004, the present year. A man strapped to a bed on the freighter by the name of Minkowski is experiencing the same consciousness travel as Desmond but for a longer period of time, and due to the high stress once again caused by the time travel, and the fact that he is unable to find a constant, Minkowski also dies.Frightened, Desmond chooses Penny to be his constant and realizes that in order to fulfill it, he must acquire Penny's phone number and call her from the freighter on December 24, 2004, that day. When Desmond travels back in time once again to 1996, he finds Penny angry and unwilling to speak to him, but explains himself and pleads, saying he needs her phone number and promises not to call for eight years. With the help of Sayid, Desmond uses a phone located on the freighter to call Penny and finds out she has been searching for him for the past three years and she knows about the island.Back on the island, Daniel is searching through his old Journal in which he wrote notes during his time at Oxford, and found an old not he had written, â€Å"If nything goes wrong, Desmond Hume is my constant. † This episode of Lost is an excellent work and is full of several a rtistic and technical hallmarks, some of which are displayed best in the physical and emotional pain Desmond experiences through his time travel between 1996 and 2004. It is obvious throughout the episode until the end that Desmond is having many difficulties controlling his actions due to the fact that he is unable to control when his body switches between the two years.In 1996, he wants to obey his sergeant major's commands when he is in the army, but his consciousness is reacting in ways he is nable to control and he is therefore unable to fulfill any of his responsibilities. Desmond's lack of concentration causes the sergeant major to become so angry that he forces all of the army men to complete extra physical labor. Desmond then leaves to find Daniel Faraday and is again unable to control his conscious actions. He is desperate to find an answer to what is happening to him, and begs Daniel for his help.Desmond witnesses Minkowski die on the freighter due to the same problems he himself is having, and recognizes that if he does not find a constant, he will soon die. When Desmond needs to find Penny to be his constant, he again experiences great frustration because she is initially unwilling to speak to him. However, when she finally gives in and offers Desmond her phone number, Desmond returns to 2004 and immediately calls her to find that she has been searching for him for three years. The episode then presents to the viewer a glimpse of Desmond again in 1996, where he is smiling with gratitude.Harmony is present once Desmond is able to connect with Penny and he is finally able to complete his mission and bring an end to the once unstoppable and unwanted time travelling experiences. The Constant† is not harmonious until this point in the episode, when Desmond realizes that his long-lost love is searching for him and knows about the island. This also represents an element ot ‘Lite and Death' because when Desmond witnesses Minkowski's realizes i t is absolutely necessary to find a constant in order to survive. Both the acting and cinematography in this episode as well as in the entire series is incredible.It is a turning point in the series because it introduced time travel as no longer a question in the world of Lost, but an actual that is definitely possible. This lone answered several questions for the viewer. The episode explained why Desmond lost his memory and why time travel occurs; and new, important characters are introduced as well. Faraday is notably in this episode one of the most important characters because he is able to explain the time travel Desmond is experiencing – and how to stop it – and seems to understand the island better than anyone else.

Project Management Ethical Issues

Melwin Fernandes 200083225 Ethics and Other Management Issues (CIS 485) Duncan Jeffries Project Management Issues What is Project Management? Project management  is the  discipline  of  planning,  organizing, and  managing  resources  to bring about the successful completion of specific project goals and objectives. It is often closely related to program management (Wikipedia). A  project  is a temporary endeavour, undertaken to meet particular goals and objectives, having a defined beginning and end, usually to bring about beneficial change or added value.The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast to, which are repetitive, permanent or semi-permanent functional work to produce products or services. In practice, the  management  of these two systems is often found to be quite different, and as such requires the development of distinct technical skills and the adoption of separate management. The primary challenge of project management is to achieve al l of the project goals  and objectives while honouring the preconceived project constraints. Typical constraints are  scope, time, and  budget.The secondary challenge is to  optimize  the  allocation  and integration of inputs necessary to meet pre-defined objectives. Project Management Approach There are a number of approaches to managing project activities: 1. The Traditional Approach: A traditional phased approach identifies a sequence of steps to be completed. 2. Critical Chain Project Management  (CCPM): It is a method of planning and managing projects that puts more emphasis on the resources (physical and human) needed in order to execute project tasks. . Extreme Programming: It is used in combination with the process modeling  and management principles of  human interaction management. 4. Event chain methodology: It  is another method that complements  critical path method  and  critical chain  project management methodologies. 5. PRINCE2: It   is a structured approach to project management 6. Agile Project Management: It is based on the principles of  human interaction management  are founded on a process view of human collaboration. Project Management Development StageProject development includes a number of elements: five stages and a control system. Regardless of the methodology used, the project development process will have the same major stages. Major stages generally include: ? Initiation ? Planning or development ? Production or execution ? Monitoring and controlling ? Closing The Use and Misuse of Security Technology The misuse of security Technology is one of the main issues in project management. There are a large number of people over the world with very little or no knowledge of security technology which is why certain projects fail.It is a subject which is under discussed but in today's world with relatively low cost, trusted, security technology is readily available and easy to use. It has become a cult ure among people who are not sufficiently educated with the tools of security technology as it is easy to use and has somewhat become a fashionable trend. Some consider technology to be bad for the society. People have to understand that this is only because of its misuse. Technology does not threaten the society, instead it is humans who are the users who use technology to threaten society.So technology itself is not at fault. In the field of information, technology has increased the speed, quantity and communication with co-workers and clients. Advancements in technology have also contributed to work being completed at home which imbalances their work and life. Lost revenue and productivity has become a reason for an increased need and demand for surveillance techniques to monitor employees. Employers have resorted to creating separate computer security departments or divisions to deal with both the internal and external threats.All companies weather large or small have the pressu re to maintain access to critical information in order to run the business and remain competitive. A corporation with hundreds of offices and thousands of employees would have the same pressure of holding critical information as any other small enterprise. A comprehensive data protection solution is going to involve a lot of consideration and contingencies. There are many things can go wrong with your data and you need to be able to respond to them.There are many companies that have opted to purchase solutions from different vendors to fully address these challenges but can be an extremely expensive approach in terms of acquisition, integration and ongoing management costs. There have also been companies who decided the cost is too high and taken their chances, which is an approach that has often resulted in disaster. In the business world today, the loss of important data can cause significant damage and lead to the demise of your business.The same complex and expensive solutions a s the major players in your industry can be cost-prohibitive and unnecessary. Software and People in Project Management The most comprehensive software solution for assessing security of web application, network systems, end point systems and email users is CORE IMPACT Pro. It allows you to take security testing to the next level by safely replicating a broad range of threats to your organization’s sensitive data and critical infrastructure. You gain extensive visibility into the ause, effect and prevention of data breaches, enabling you to drive effective risk mitigation enterprise-wise. Impact enables you to safely assess an organization's security posture against the attack methods that jeopardize data today. Exploitation of network defenses in operating systems and services, client applications that run on desktop systems, attacks on employees, contractors and other end users via social engineering, manipulation of web applications to access backend data via cross-site sc ripting (XSS), SQL injection and remote file inclusion techniques only.It allows you to utilize penetration testing to assess your information security in such an integrated, comprehensive, in-depth andseamless fashion. CORE IMPACT Pro gives confidence in your security infrastructure by enabling you to validate network vulnerability, end-user threat response and web application exposure on a regular basis. You not only identify but also distinguish critical network vulnerabilities from false positives, identify where your organization is at risk from social engineering threats such as spam, validate security exposure in web applications.With all this you can intelligently plan, prioritize and execute policy adjustments, ensuring cost-effective use of security and development resources while improving overall security posture. Next-generation data protection, or NGDP, is a term that describes a large number of disk-based backup and recovery technologies, including disk-to-disk (D2D), virtual tape library (VTL), snapshots, continuous data protection (CDP), remote office backup consolidation (ROBC), bare machine recovery (BMR), disaster recovery (DR), wide area file services (WAFS) and others.The Tivoli Storage Manager FastBack It integrates to provide organizations with a complete data protection, archive, and retention and recovery solution. It also extends disk-based, block-level incremental data capture to a repository in another location, sending changed blocks of data over a WAN or Internet connection. Tivoli Storage Manager FastBack was designed to be bandwidth efficient to help minimize the impact on other applications that rely on WAN and Internet links.It can be set individually for each location to meet specific needs of the business while avoiding unnecessary costs in bandwidth and storage.. The features also include data differencing (sending only the changes from the previous job run), compression, bundling of small files to help reduce TCP/IP overh ead, bandwidth throttling and multi-threading. There have been a wide variety of industries who have taken Tivoli Storage Manager FastBack to improve backup and recovery performance across a diverse set of support tasks. It helps organizations: Reduce server backup times from hours or days to a few minutes. †¢ Reduce server volume restoration times from hours or days to a few minutes. †¢ Increase backup frequencies from once per week to multiple times per day, without disrupting operations. †¢ Enable rapid recovery of granular Exchange objects that are typically too difficult to recover. With next-generation data protection and recovery solution set at mid-market prices, these solutions can help companies reduce operational risk and costs, increase productivity and resiliency, and improve levels of service.It delivers a common foundation for managing both business and technology requirements and is designed to quickly address most pressing service management needs to changing business demands. The Tivoli portfolio is backed by world-class IBM Services, IBM Support and an active ecosystem of IBM Business Partners. Project Management Software It is a key tool in your effort to consistently finish projects on time and within budget. It allows you to do the critical steps Project Managers must do efficiently.There are a number of benefits that Project Management Software can provide such as spotting problems before it’s too late to fix them, optimizing the use of resources so you can finish early, updating the plan each week so you know where you are and updating everyone’s schedule when things change. These are the basic tools that every Project manager should have. Ideally Project Management Software provides managers with time-saving scheduling and analysis tools as well as archive data for use on future projects.Unfortunately Project Management trainings do not include practical skills in using Project Management Software nor the v alue that comes from archiving data on every project. Tasks like scheduling skills to optimize the use of resources to finish as early as possible and project software to identify problems early are best done with Project Management Software which otherwise can waste a considerable amount of time if done manually. With the appropriate Project Management Software, tracking actual performance in terms of hours of work and completion dates builds a database for estimating on the next project.Practically, there are far too many Project Managers who do not have the training or the tools to optimize their schedule or make efficient use of their resources resulting in projects that are guided by guesses. Project Management Software does not make the managers more effective, it just makes them more efficient. Project Management Software does not teach you how to define scope, communicate to the Project sponsor but just lets you accomplish these tasks more efficiently. There are three genera l classes of software available: Statistical Software: To blend in one direction with relational database software such as Oracle or Sybase. †¢ Mathematical Software: MATLAB in the other direction exhibits not only statistical capabilities flowing from code for matrix manipulation, but also optimization and symbolic manipulation useful for statistical purposes. †¢ Visualization Software: Overlaps to some extent with software intended for exploratory data analysis. The user interfaces common range from command line to graphical user interfaces (GUI) to hybrid drag and drop system interfaces.The Statistical Analysis System is available on PC and UNIX based platforms, as well as on mainframe computers. This modern database technique with queries is very easy to use and also accomplished easily. System for Statistical Analysis among the products are for management of large data bases, time series and most classical statistical problems including multivariate analysis, linear m odels (as well as generalized linear models), and clustering; data visualization and plotting.Users with a need to write an applications program using a matrix language, the product SAS/IML provides the ability to program using matrices as objects. SAS is to a large extent an industry standard statistical software package. The demand for students with SAS skills is greater than with skills other than statistical packages. Other statistical of the same general vintage as SAS are MINITAB, BMDP and SPSS. All of these systems began as mainframe systems, but have evolved to smaller scale systems as computing have evolved.MINITAB Inc was formed more than 20 years ago around its flagship product, MINITAB statistical software. MINITAB Statistical Software provides tools to analyze data across a variety of disciplines, and is targeted for users at every level i. e. Scientists, business and industrial users, faculty, and students. It has broadened the scope of its products to include quality control, designed experiments, chemo metrics and an array of general statistics from the original software that helped faculty to teach basic statistics.MINITAB is available on the most widely-used computer platforms, including Windows, DOS, Macintosh, OpenVMS, and UNIX. BMDP features a comprehensive library of over forty statistical routines and has set the standard for high-end statistical analysis software. It has its roots as a bio-medical analysis package from the late 1960’s and each statistical routine has been thoroughly time-tested based on the most advanced algorithms available. Current versions come in several flavors including the BMDP New System Personal Edition.The Professional Edition combines the full suite of BMDP Classic for PCs Release 7 statistics with the powerful data management and front-end data exploration features of the BMDP New System Personal Edition. SPSS Software products run on most models of all major computers and statistical analysis can now be done on the desktop. It is a multinational software company that provides statistical product and service solution for survey research, marketing and sales analysis, quality scientific research, government reporting and education. e SPSS products are a modular system and includes SPSS Professional Statistics, SPSS Advanced Statistics, SPSS Tables, SPSS Trends, SPSS Categories, SPSS CHAID, SPSS LISREL 7, SPSS Developer's Kit, Exact Tests, Teleform, and MapInfo. S-PLUS is a supported extension of the statistical analysis language. It was originally developed at AT;T Bell labs manufactured and supported by the Statistical Sciences Corporation, now a division of Mathsoft. Some of the code has been contributed by prominent individuals from the academic and industrial communities.MATLAB is an interactive computing environment used for scientific and statistical data analysis and visualization. The basic data object in MATLAB is the matrix with functions for basic data analysis and gra phics which are text files that the user can read and adapt for other uses, giving the ability to create their own M-files functions and script files, thus making MATLAB a programming language. The most useful capability is the tool available for visualizing data. It also provides Handle Graphic and there is a considerable amount of contributed MATLAB code available on the internet.The above descriptions of statistical software cover the most well-established commercially available software packages and among them the most extensively used mathematical packages is MATLAB. MINITAB is used in the educational community for introductory courses. BMDP and SPSS find users among communities in which they originated respectively the biomedical and social sciences community. Mainstream applied statisticians tend to use SAS more extensively whereas on the other hand S-plus seems to be a package that is highly regarded among the more research oriented particularly those interested in computati onal statistics.JAVA is a programming language which represents an extension of the World Wide Web capabilities. Basic documents on the web are constructed using HTML, in the sense that once the server delivers the HTML text to the browser, the server has done its job and the static text is interpreted and displayed by the client’s browser. It is a fully distributed, object oriented programming language which allows for creation of a fully interactive web-based system. The data and tools can be sent to the clients’ browser and allows attributes and methods to be linked together.In particular, JAVA allows applets, small applications or subroutines, to be created and transmitted across the web just as static HTML documents are now transmitted. JAVA is intended to be a secure system although security problems do exist with present implementation. However, access to local data is restricted and the JAVA is a secure environment. JAVA has been declared as is related to stati stical data analysis software of the future because it is a practical implementation of a new paradigm in distributed computing.It allows not only the distribution of text and multimedia but also of computing applications and data. It is a response to the enormous popularity of the World Wide Web and under this framework, new statistical, data analytic and other methodologies could be made available and tried out by practitioners in other research fields on their own data and their own computer. Considering the possibility of extending the web in a natural way to acquire data in the same way we acquire human-consumable information, new mechanisms must be sought to provide for the distribution of that data.Best Practices in Project Planning Project managers deal with sponsors who are organizational levels above them and sign their paychecks so Project Managers can’t really argue about the best way to do the project. Having data to quantify the impact of changes and model alter native ways of solving problems gives them much more credibility to give their executives a solid data on which to make their Project decisions rather than having due dates and budgets plucked out of the air.The ethical issue and its consequences, its resolution and its effect on Management In project management, timing is everything. Justifying, Planning, Activating, Controlling and Ending it the right way is the key to a successful Project. It is a disciplined process and a full circle project management that holds every development project together. The project plan, schedule, budget, resources, risk, scope, motivating the players and launching all project activities with communication play a very essential role in project management.It must be constructed in a way that reaches a busy, important audience with the right amount of the right information, a strategic marketing entity in a tight package that must be backed up with well-researched facts and figures that speak directly to the needs, goals, and problem-solving missions of the business. Present them with the business case report and explain it via a well-crafted, well-rehearsed presentation, accompanied by the sponsors. Starting off with a strong solid foundation of research and a creative solution to a business need do the utmost to obtain approval and present justification for the project.Plan Project produces the detailed project plan, project schedule, project organization, and resources. The approved project plan includes understanding the potential risks and the actions that are necessary to manage them. The goal of every project is to drive it to a successful and appropriate conclusion. Controlling a project is imposed not to create a bureaucratic layer, but to ensure that the project proceeds to its planned and scheduled ending. The activity of the project rests with the Project Manager. He controls, monitors, makes decisions ensuring that the project proceeds as planned taking corrective ac tions when necessary.End Project tasks archive the project materials and release the project resources for use on other projects. Conclusion Project management and project planning processes can contribute to an organization's survival and success, while the absence of project management and project planning processes can lead to an organization's demise. This helps in developing the concept for the project, which in turn is used to secure approvals to proceed to the execution phase of a project. Collectively these five steps form the life-cycle phases of project management, and all steps require adequate attention to ensure that a project is adequately managed.Costs, time-frames, quality targets, and other relevant factors are very essential while considering the planning process. Project management ensures that organizations are able to achieve strategic initiatives that extend beyond normal operations through a recognized process, thus aiding organizations in fulfilling strategic objectives such as new product development, process re-engineering, organizational change or financial growth. In conclusion, project management is needed within organizations to support temporary endeavors that create unique products or services.

5 Brainstorming Strategies for Writers

5 Brainstorming Strategies for Writers 5 Brainstorming Strategies for Writers 5 Brainstorming Strategies for Writers By Mark Nichol Brainstorming is useful whether you have too few ideas, or too many. It can help you whether you don’t know how to organize your thoughts, or whether you don’t even have any thoughts. But before you start, remember the first rule of brainstorming: Enumerate, don’t evaluate. Just get the ideas down, and don’t judge them or organize them until the creative phase has wound down. 1. Cubing In this strategy, a topic or idea is examined from six distinct viewpoints hence the name. Describe the topic (what is it?), compare it (what is it like or unlike?), associate it (what does it make you think of?), analyze it (what constituent parts is it made of?), apply it (how can it be used?), and argue for and/or against it (how can you support or oppose it?). Cubing was developed as a critical-thinking exercise to help students express their thoughts in opinion essays, but it can be adapted for general nonfiction writing, though it is of limited value for fiction. A similar technique is to explore three perspectives: The first is to describe the topic and its features, its constituent parts, and its challenges, and to compare and contrast it with other topics. The second is to trace the history of the topic and the influences on it throughout that history, and the topic’s evolution. The third is to map the topic to similar contemporary topics as well as to its influences, and to topics that it influences. 2. Freewriting Write. You don’t know what to write? Then write that. Just write. Have a quantitative goal: 500 words, three pages, five minutes it doesn’t matter. Just write. Do not pause in order to spell correctly or write flawlessly, and don’t go back to rewrite. Turn off your inner editor. Do not strive for coherence. Just write. Consider closing your eyes while you’re writing or typing, or turn the computer monitor off. Just write. 3. Listing If your intent is to write an essay or a review or profile, what do you want to communicate? If you wish to craft a story, which ideas and elements do you wish to convey? Jot down a list of phrases or single words you will return to later. For nonfiction, the list can consist of opinions, arguments, facts, questions, or components, or any combination of the above. For fiction, list people, places, and things, values and qualities, goals and obstacles. Don’t outline at this point. Outlining stalls the creative act of brainstorming by requiring you to evaluate and organize your thoughts. Remember, brainstorming should be an uninhibited activity. 4. Mapping Mapping, also known as clustering and webbing, is a graphic form of listing that simply involves jotting down ideas on a large writing surface and then making connections by associating similarly themed ideas with color-coded circles or underlines of distinct patterns and then indicating other relationships by linking with lines. How you produce the map, exactly, is up to you, but as with any other brainstorming tool, wait until you’ve (temporarily) run out of ideas before you begin making connections but don’t hesitate to continue recording new ideas as you marshal others. The Creately blog has a great article with several other visual brainstorming strategies you can try. 5. Researching You know the topic you want to write about, or the outline of a novel’s plot, but you don’t know how to populate the piece with ideas? Go to the reference section of a library, or call up reference Web sites. As you read about a current or past event, or a contemporary or historical issue, record the ideas in list or map form. You might find the key point you’ve been looking for, or change the one you had in favor of this new detail. If you’re planning on writing a novel, learn more about the city or country in which it takes place (even if it’s the one you live in). If it’s a historical novel, read about the social structure and cultural atmosphere of the time and place, and take notes about how people dressed, talked, ate, worked, and engaged in other quotidian activities. The Next Step If one of these strategies doesn’t work for you, try another until something clicks. Even if one does work, try more than one. Then, whichever technique(s) you’ve employed, review your result. Don’t feel that you’ve failed if your work does not yield eloquence or epiphanies, but search for whatever may help you develop your writing assignment or project. If you feel that an outline is useful, make one after you complete the brainstorming activity. If you don’t, launch into whatever part of the topic attracts your attention based on your brainstorming output. You don’t have to start at the beginning, and you don’t have to complete one part of your assignment or project before you move on to another one. Just build on your background work one piece at a time as it develops. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?The Letter "Z" Will Be Removed from the English Alphabet15 English Words of Indian Origin

Biography of Clarence Darrow, Legendary Attorney

Biography of Clarence Darrow, Legendary Attorney Clarence Darrow became the most famous defense lawyer in early 20th century America by taking on cases considered hopeless and emerging as a leading voice for civil liberties. Among his celebrated cases was the defense of John Scopes, the Tennessee teacher prosecuted in 1925 for teaching about the theory of evolution, and the defense of Leopold and Loeb, two wealthy students who killed a neighbor boy for the thrill of it. Darrows legal career was utterly ordinary until he became involved in advocating for labor activists in the 1890s. Before long he would become nationally known as a crusader for justice, often speaking out against capital punishment. His obituary in the New York Time in 1938 noted that he had defended the accused in â€Å"a hundred or more murder trials, no client of his had ever died on the gallows or in the electric chair.† That was not entirely accurate, but it underscores Darrows legendary reputation. Fast Facts: Clarence Darrow Known For: Famous defense attorney who often won cases thought to be hopeless.Notable Cases: Leopold and Loeb, 1924; the Scopes Monkey Trial, 1925.Born: April 18, 1857, near Kinsman, OhioDied: March 13, 1938, age 80, Chicago, IllinoisSpouses: Jessie Ohl (m. 1880-1897) and Ruby Hammerstrom (m. 1903)Children: Paul Edward DarrowEducation: Allegheny College and University of Michigan Law SchoolInteresting Fact: Darrow claimed to believe in personal liberty, the abolition of capital punishment, and the improvement of labor conditions. Early Life Clarence Darrow was born April 18, 1857, in Farmdale, Ohio. After attending public schools in Ohio, young Darrow worked as a farm hand and decided the labor of the farm was not for him. He studied for a year Allegheny College in Pennsylvania before attending the University of Michigan law school for a year. His education was not impressive by modern standards, but it qualified him to read law for a year with a local lawyer in Ohio, which was a common method of becoming an attorney at the time. Darrow became a member of the Ohio bar in 1878, and for the next decade he embarked on a fairly typical career for a lawyer in small town America. In 1887, hoping to take on more interesting work, Darrow moved to Chicago. In the big city he worked as a civil lawyer, pursuing ordinary legal tasks. He took on work as a counsel for the city, and in the early 1890s he worked as a corporate counsel for the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. In 1894 Darrow’s life took a significant turn when he began defending legendary labor activist Eugene V. Debs, who was fighting an injunction against him for leading a strike against the Pullman company. Darrow was ultimately not successful in his defense of Debs. But his exposure to Debs and the labor movement gave him new direction in life. Crusader for Justice Beginning in the mid-1890s, Darrow began taking on cases that appealed to his sense of justice. He was generally successful, for what he lacked in education and prestige he made up with his ability to speak plainly but dramatically in front of juries and judges. His courtroom suits were always rumpled, apparently by design. He portrayed himself as a common man seeking justice, though often armed with cunning legal strategies. Darrow became known for sharp cross-examinations of witnesses, and as he championed those he considered oppressed, he would often introduce novel concepts from the emerging field of criminology. In 1894 Darrow defended Eugene Prendergast, a drifter who killed the mayor of Chicago, Carter Harrison, and then walked into a police station and confessed. Darrow raised an insanity defense, but Prendergast was convicted and sentenced to death. He was the first and last of Darrows clients to be executed. The Haywood Case One of Darrows most notable cases came in 1907, when the former governor of Idaho, a supporter of the mining industry, was killed in a bombing. Detectives from the Pinkerton agency apprehended officials of the Western Federation of Miners (part of the Industrial Workers of the World) including the unions president, William Big Bill Haywood. Charged with conspiracy to commit murder, Haywood and others were to go on trial in Boise, Idaho. Darrow was retained for the defense and deftly destroyed the prosecutions case. Under Darrows cross-examination, the actual perpetrator of the bombing admitted he had acted alone as a matter of personal vengeance. He had been pressured to implicate the labor leaders by the prosecutors in the case. Darrow gave a summation which amounted to a profound defense of the labor movement. Haywood and the others were acquitted, and Darrows performance cemented his position as a defender of the common man against money interests. Leopold and Loeb Darrow was on the front pages of newspapers across American in 1924 when he defended Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb. The two were college students from wealthy families who confessed to a shocking crime, the murder of a 14-year-old neighbor boy, Robert Franks. Leopold and Loeb became figures of public fascination as they told detectives they had committed the kidnapping and murder of a random boy for the adventure of perpetrating the perfect crime. Seated left to right, Nathan Leopold, Jr., attorney Clarence Darrow and Richard Loeb. The boys were found guilty of the murder and kidnapping and Bobby Franks.    The families of Leopold and Loeb approached Darrow, who at first resisted taking the case. He was certain they would be convicted, and he had no doubt they had committed the murder. But he took on the case as he was opposed to capital punishment, and his goal would be to save them from what seemed to be certain execution by hanging. Darrow requested that the case be heard by a judge without a jury. The judge in the case agreed. Darrow’s strategy was not to argue about their guilt, which was certain. And as they had been judged sane, he couldn’t argue an insanity defense. He tried something novel, which was to argue that the two young men were mentally diseased. Darrow called expert witnesses to advance psychiatric theories. The witness, known at the time as alienists, claimed the young men had mental problems related to their upbringings which were mitigating factors in the crime. The appeal for mercy posed by Darrow eventually succeeded. After deliberating for ten days, the judge sentenced Leopold and Loeb to sentences of life plus 99 years. (Loeb was killed in prison by another inmate in 1934. Leopold was eventually paroled in 1958 and died in Puerto Rico in 1971.) The judge in the case told the press that he was moved to show mercy by the age of the defendants and not by the psychiatric evidence. However, the case was considered by the public to be a triumph for Darrow. The Scopes Trial Darrow was a religious agnostic and was particularly opposed to religious fundamentalism. So the defense of John Scopes, the schoolteacher from Dayton, Tennessee, prosecuted for teaching about Darwin’s Theory of Evolution naturally appealed to him. American lawyers Clarence Darrow (1857-1938) and William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925) at the Scopes Trial. Heritage Images / Getty Images The case arose when the 24-year-old Scopes, teaching in a local public high school, included mentions of Darwin’s ideas in the curriculum. By doing so he violated a Tennessee law, the Butler Act, and he was charged. William Jennings Bryan, one of most prominent Americans in politics for decades, entered the case as the prosecuting attorney. On one level, the case was simply about whether Scopes had violated the local law. But when Darrow came into the case, the proceedings became nationally known, and the case was dubbed The Monkey Trial in the sensationalist press. A split in American society in the 1920s, between religious conservatives and progressives advocating science, became the focus of the courtroom drama. Newspaper reporters, including the legendary journalist and social critic H.L. Mencken, flooded into the town of Dayton, Tennessee, for the trial. News dispatches went out via telegraph, and even reporters in the new medium of radio relayed the proceedings to listeners around the country. The highlight of the trial occurred when Bryan, claiming to be an authority on Biblical teachings, took the witness stand. He was cross-examined by Darrow. Reports of the encounter stressed how Darrow had humbled Bryan by getting him to admit to a literal interpretation of the Bible. A headline in the Washington Evening Star proclaimed: Eve Made of Rib, Jonah Swallowed by Fish, Bryan Declares In Sensational Cross-Examination of Bible Beliefs By Darrow. The legal result of the trial was actually a loss for Darrow’s client. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100. However, to many observers, including H.L. Mencken, Darrow was considered to have won a victory in the sense of having shown to the nation at large the ludicrous nature of fundamentalism. Later Career Besides his busy legal practice, Darrow published a number of books, including Crime: Its Cause and Treatment, published in 1922, dealing with Darrows belief that crime was caused by factors impacting a persons life. He also wrote an autobiography published in 1932. In 1934, President Franklin Roosevelt appointed the elderly Darrow to a post in the federal government, assigned to correct legal problems with the National Recovery Act (a part of the New Deal). Darrows work was considered successful. One of his last jobs was to serve on a commission studying the threat arising in Europe, and he issued a warning about the danger of Hitler. Darrow died in Chicago on March 13, 1938. His funeral was attended by many members of the public, and he was eulogized as a tireless crusader for justice. Sources: Clarence Seward Darrow. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 4, Gale, 2004, pp. 396-397. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Scopes Monkey Trial. Gale Encyclopedia of American Law, edited by Donna Batten, 3rd ed., vol. 9, Gale, 2010, pp. 38-40. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Darrow, Clarence. Crime and Punishment in America Reference Library, edited by Richard C. Hanes, et al., vol. 4: Primary Sources, UXL, 2005, pp. 118-130. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Vitamin D Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Vitamin D - Essay Example The production of this very specific sub-type of Vitamin D that is Vitamin D3, takes place in the human skin. It is produced in the skin when a chemical called 7-dehydrocholesterol is in a chemical reaction with ultraviolet rays.The bi-weekly requirement of a normal human being is ten to twenty minutes of exposure to the sunlight, on either their arms, hands, back or the face without the application of a sunscreen. For this exposure, the ultraviolet exposure index must reach more than three. The case where there is exposure for a longer time, the supply of the vitamin produced may degrade very quickly – as quickly as it may be produced, in most cases. Vitamin D3 plays an important role in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the body. It also helps in the proper functioning of the minerals. Calcium and phosphorus form an important component of bones and teeth. The osteoclastic (bone breaking cells) cells break the bones to generate calcium when needed. Low levels of c alcium and phosphorus can hence cause different bone related disorders and dental problems. As a result, Vitamin D3 can also be an important factor in preventing rickets, osteomalacia and osteoporosis. The usage of Vitamin D3, at a normal rate, may not have any side effects; however, if taken in excess, it may make the user nauseate and may result in constipation. Vitamin D3 can be a source of causing kidney diseases, liver diseases and may result in causing a difficulty in absorbing nutrients from food.

Comprehensive Mental Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Comprehensive Mental Health - Essay Example Diagnosis 3: Risk of serious malnutrition and existing malnutrition indicated by greater than 1 lb weight loss in a week, which is probably related to this current illness. The patient's feeling of heaviness of limbs, back, head, and aches in the same areas; loss of energy and fatigability, difficulty eating without the staff urging poses risks for further malnutrition. Gastrointestinal symptoms of dry mouth and somatic psychic gastrointestinal symptoms of depression manifested by wind, indigestion, diarrhoea, cramps, belching may aggravate the decreased appetite. Slight retardation at interview may indicate lassitude, and irritability may further aggravate loss of appetite, since it may represent inner tension representing feelings of ill-defined discomfort, edginess, inner turmoil, mental tension mounting to panic, dread or anguish that may lead to further loss of desire for food. Priority 1: Diagnosis 1: Risk for Injury related to hopelessness and impaired pro... ion manifested by suicide attempt in the current admission and sadness, suicidal thoughts, dejection, or episodes of weeping on assessment and feeling of rejection, despondence, self-reproach, and hopelessness indicated by expressions of feelings of discouragement, despair, pessimism about future, which cannot be dispelled. Also, current serious attempts of suicide and helplessness and worthlessness indicated by patient's statement on interrogation. Rationale of the Priority 1: Depressed individuals have negative evaluation of their worth, which often is unrealistic. They are known to have guilty preoccupations or ruminations about minor past failings, where always they blame themselves. It is very common for these individuals to misinterpret neutral or trivial everyday events as due to failure of his or her person. Their exaggerated sense of responsibility for untoward events makes them very commonly feel hopeless, helpless, worthless and powerless. Due to her previous history of paranoid schizophrenia, it would be natural to expect possibility of disorganized thought processes, such as circumstantial or tangential thinking. Although there is no evidence of such in examination or history, there is a high possibility of hallucinations and delusions. Any assessment of depression requires that the risk of self-harm or suicide be assessed. This is the first priority since patient safety if the first nursing priority. In this patien t, due to attempted suicide and related admission, this becomes a greater priority. In depressed patients, self-harm and suicide are very prevalent. Anyone showing symptoms of severe depression, especially psychomotor retardation and/or psychotic symptoms should be regarded as at high risk of suicide, as should anyone who has previously